【正文】 作有關(guān)內(nèi)容的翻譯活動 ” 。nig and Paul Kussmaul (1982), Sigrid KupschLosereit (1986), Christiane Nord (1988) and Heidrun Witte (1987a). Skopos Theory Is a Theorical Shift Skopos theory takes seriously factors which have always been stressed in action theory, and which were brought into sharp relief with the growing need in the latter half of the twentieth century for the translation of nonliterary text types. In the translation of scientific and academic papers, instructions for use, tourist guides, contracts, etc., the contextual factors surrounding the translation cannot be ignored. These factors include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and of the client who has missioned it, and, in particular, the function of the text is to perform in that culture for those readers. Skopos theory is directly oriented towards this function. Translation is viewed not as a process of transcoding, but as a specific form of human action. Like any other human action, translation has a purpose. Skopos must be defined before translation can begin。s situation. In other words, the target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target text receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge. In terms of coherence rule, the source text is no longer of most authority but only part of the translation beliefs. It is only an offer of information for the translator, who in turn picks out what he considers to be meaningful in the receiver39。 demand is and even what municative situation is. Finally, the choice of translation strategies is decided by the purpose of the translation text, in order to achieve a better function text. 嚴(yán)禁攜帶易燃易爆物品進站乘車 1. No carrying bustibles and explosive in metro （上海百盛附近的地鐵站） 2. Bring bustibles and explosives into the station and on board is strictly prohibited. （上海中山公園地鐵站內(nèi)） 3. Inflammable explosive and dangerous articles are forbidden.（杭州火車站內(nèi)） 4. Hazardous goods are strictly prohibited taken into on train. （上?；疖囌緝?nèi)） 四種譯法，哪個實現(xiàn)了功能？ 外國語學(xué)院 No Entry of Hazardous Goods into the Station or on the Train Another example may tell us more: 原文：女生宿舍 ， 男生莫入 譯文： Female Students Only Purposes Determine Translation Strategies The three main rules are: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. Rule （目的規(guī)則） The topranking rule for any translation is thus the skopos rule, which means that a translation action is determined by its skopos。 Gideon Toury(原特拉維夫大學(xué)教授 ) 把“功能目的論”看作是“譯文文本中心論”的翻版。根據(jù)不同的語境因素和預(yù)期功能，選擇最佳的處理方法，這是功能翻譯理論比以對等為基礎(chǔ)的翻譯理論或極端功能主義的翻譯理論更為優(yōu)越之處。 Not long ago, 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa have formally declared that they recognized China39。 China has seriously implemented its WTO mitments and continuously opened up. 認真 seriously？ vigorously (目的決定翻譯方式） 不斷擴大 continuously opened up? (這個翻譯方式?jīng)]有表達 “ 對外開放不斷擴大 ” China has vigorously implemented its mitments for its entry into WTO and has kept opening wider to the outside world. 外國語學(xué)院 （誰？）同時積極參加世貿(mào)組織新一輪談判，為完善多邊貿(mào)易體制發(fā)揮了建設(shè)性作用。 China has seriously implemented its WTO mitments and continuously opened up. At the same time, we are active in participating in the new round of WTO negotiation and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral trading system. Not long ago, 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa have formally declared that they recognized China39。同時積極參加世貿(mào)組織新一輪談判，為完善多邊貿(mào)易體制發(fā)揮了建設(shè)性作用。換句話說，目的決定方式（ The end justifies the means）。 Formation of Skopos Theory 功能目的理論的兩項基本原則是： 1. 翻譯各方面的交互作用受翻譯目的所決定； 2. 目的隨接受對象的不同而變化。諾德（ Christiane Nord）進一步拓展了譯文功能理論。 1984年她在與費米爾（ H. J. Vermeer）合寫的General Foundation of Translation Theory一書中聲稱：譯者在整個翻譯過程中的參照系不應(yīng)是“對等”翻譯理論所注重的原文及其功能，而應(yīng)是譯文在譯語文化環(huán)境中所預(yù)期達到的一種或若鐘交際功能。 譯文的主題完全丟失 Further progress has been made in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation. 改譯： China has made more progress in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation. 外國語學(xué)院 信息不對等 中國與世界上絕大多數(shù)國家（地區(qū)）保持著良好的經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系，與主要經(jīng)濟體及周邊國家（地區(qū)）、發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)貿(mào)合作進一步深化。 中國與世界上絕大多數(shù)國家（地區(qū)）保持著良好的經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系，與主要經(jīng)濟體及周邊國家（地區(qū)）、發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)貿(mào)合作進一步深化。功能翻譯理論強調(diào)語言的功能作用，對以傳達信息為主的商貿(mào)類文本翻譯具有較強的指導(dǎo)意義。（ Nord， 1997）可見，凡是以語言功能研究為出發(fā)點的翻譯理論，都可置于功能翻譯理論的框架內(nèi)。連 “ 國務(wù)院 ”這樣的重要名稱也亂一通。 原譯文 : The Short Guide To Zhangjiajie National Forest Park Zhangjiajie was approved as the first national Forest park of China in 1982, by t