【正文】 e multilateral trade system. 外國(guó)語學(xué)院 近期以來，已有新西蘭、南非等 9個(gè)國(guó)家正式宣布承認(rèn)中國(guó)的完全市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位，為中國(guó)與這些國(guó)家經(jīng)貿(mào)合作的開展創(chuàng)造了更為有利的條件。s full market economy status, which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries. 改后半句： , creating more favorable conditions for China to have economic and trade cooperation with these countries. 外國(guó)語學(xué)院 提示： 近期以來 = not long ago? recently 宣布承認(rèn) = have declared they recognized? declared their recognition of China?s full market economy status 新西蘭、南非等 9個(gè)國(guó)家 = 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa? 9 countries such as New Zealand, South Africa 作為受文化制約的語言符號(hào)，原文語篇和譯文語篇受到各自交際環(huán)境的影響，譯文功能與原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。翻譯功能理論指導(dǎo)下的翻譯方法表現(xiàn)出較大的靈活性，較高的科學(xué)性和易操作性。 Advantages of Skopos Theory The Skopos theory, an approach to translation put forward by Hans Vermeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s, oriented a more functional and sociocultural concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation, but as a specific form of human action. The following examples can tell us why it is an action: 1. 小心滑倒 Carefully Slide（西南大學(xué)賓館客房?jī)?nèi)） Pay Attention to Your Step while Taking Bath (浙江某市花園山莊客房?jī)?nèi) ) Do not wear clothes exposing the neck or shoulders in public places 參考： 1. 小心滑倒 Caution! Wet (Slippery) Floor Caution! Wet (Slippery) Floor Dress yourself decently in public places You can see, the original translation and the revised are different in actions. Is Skopos Theory about? In Skopos theory, one of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the intended receiver or audience of the target text with their language. The theory focuses on the purpose of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. For example: 航友賓館 Hang You Hotel (上海虹橋機(jī)場(chǎng)） (航友，就是 “ 航空之友 ” ，翻譯就是傳遞這個(gè)信息） Vermeer regards it as an “offer of information” for the target audience. From this view, the status of the source is clearly much lower in Skopos theory than the equivalence theory. The main idea of Skopos theory is that translators should hold the thought from the perspective of the target readers during translation. Therefore, translators should bear in mind what the function of translation text is, what the target readers39。 that is, ?the end justifies the means?” by Reiss and Vermeer. Vermeer also stresses on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule, and translation strategies and methods are determined by the purpose and the intended function of the target text. Three Rules of Skopos Theory 外國(guó)語學(xué)院 Careful Motion Gate Watch For the Mobile Gate Rule （連貫規(guī)則） The coherence rule states that the target text must be interpretable as coherent with the target text receiver39。s situation. Three Rules of Skopos Theory 3. Fidelity Rule（忠實(shí)規(guī)則） Translation is a preceding offer of information. It is expected to bear some relationship with the corresponding source text. Vermeer calls this relationship intertextual coherence or fidelity. This is postulated as a further principle, referred to as the fidelity rule by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984. The fidelity rule merely states that there must be coherence between the translated version and the source text Three Rules of Skopos Theory Relationship among the Rules Fidelity rule is considered subordinate to coherence rule, and both are subordinate to the skopos rule. If the skopos requires a change of function, the criterion will no longer be fidelity to the source text but adequacy or appropriateness with regard to the skopos. And if the skopos demands intratextual incoherence, the standard of coherence rule is no longer vivid.（忠實(shí)規(guī)則服從連貫規(guī)則，兩者又都服從目的規(guī)則） Relationship among the Rules 外國(guó)語學(xué)院 No Littering Skopos theory reflects a general shift from predominantly LINGUISTIC and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation. This shift drew inspiration from munication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, as well as from movements in literary studies towards reception theories(接受理論） . Apart from Hans Vermeer, the founder of skopos theory, other scholars working in the p