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英漢翻譯(一)--翻譯概論(編輯修改稿)

2025-02-18 00:24 本頁面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 evaluate a translation. ? The criteria of translation function as a plumbline for measuring the professional level of translation and as a goal set for translators to strive after. Three “l(fā)aws of translation” formulated by Tytler (17491814) ? 1. The Translation should give a plete transcript of the ideas of the original work. ? 2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. ? 3. The translation should have the ease of the original position. ? The ideological content, the linguistic representation and the stylistic characteristic of a piece of literary writing constitute an integral entirety, and a literary translation should be an accurate reproduction of it as a whole. ? “譯事三難, 信、達、雅 。求其信,已大難矣。顧信矣不達,雖譯猶不譯也,則達尚焉。 ……” ? 嚴復譯 《 天演論 》 牟例所標 “ 譯事三難:信、達、雅 ” ,三字皆已見此。譯事之信,當包達、雅;達正以盡信,而雅非為飾達。依義者以傳,而能如風格以出,斯之謂信。 …… 雅之非潤色加藻,識者尤多;信之必得意忘言,則解人難索。譯文達而不信者有之矣,未有不達而能信者也。 (錢鐘書 《 管錐編 》 ) ? 嚴復( 18531921)福建侯官人。1867年入船政學堂學習。 1876年赴英游學,接受了西方資產(chǎn)階級的政治文化思想。 1879年回國,任北洋水師學堂教習等職。從中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭到戊戌變法這一時期,他激于愛國熱情,通過譯書、作政論、辦報紙,宣傳變法維新思想,攻擊封建專制,提倡科學民主,全面提出資產(chǎn)階級改良主義的思想主張, 成為當時維新運動的出色思想家和宣傳家。 ? 代表譯作有 ? 《 天演論 》 (T. Henry Huxley, Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays) ? 《 群己權(quán)界說 》 (John Stuart Mill, On Liberty) ? 《 原富 》 ( A. Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations) The original ? It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from the window of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature.” The version ? 赫胥黎獨處一室之中,在英倫之南,背山而面野,檻外諸境,歷歷如在幾下。乃懸想二千年前,當羅馬大將愷撒來到時,此間有何景物。計惟有天造草昧,人功未施。 ? “凡是翻譯,必須兼顧著兩面,一當然 力求其易解 ,一則保存著原作的豐姿 。 ” ( 魯迅, 《 且介亭雜文二集 》 “信順 ” 之說 ) ? 嚴又陵以為譯事三難:信,達,雅。其實歸要到底“信”字最不容易辦到。原文“達而雅”,譯文不“達”不“雅”,那還是不“信”;如果原文不“達”不“雅”,譯文“達”而“雅”,過猶不及,那也還是不“信”。所謂“信”是對原文忠實,恰如其分地把它的意思用中文表達出來。有文學價值的作品必是完整的有機體,情感思想和語文風格必融為一體,聲音與意義也必欣合無間。所以對原文忠實,不僅是浮面的字義忠實,對情感思想、風格、聲音節(jié)奏等必同時忠實。稍有翻譯經(jīng)驗的人都知道這是極難的事。( 朱光潛, 《 論翻譯 》 “信”字原則 ) ? 信 —達 —美 (林語堂) ? 信 —達 —切 (劉重德) ? “三美” —意美,音美,形美 ? “三化” —等化,淺化,深化 ? “三之” —知之,好之,樂之 (許淵沖) ? “創(chuàng)優(yōu)似競賽,美化之藝術(shù)” ? 中國傳統(tǒng)譯論 ? 案本 —求信 —神似 —化境 ? 西方現(xiàn)代譯論 ? 翻譯的文藝學派 ? 翻譯的語言學派 ? 翻譯研究學派 ? 翻譯的闡釋學派 ? 翻譯的解構(gòu)主義流派 ? 為了避免因采用 “ 信、達、雅 ” 這個舊形式而對新內(nèi)容可能引起誤解,我們主張把翻譯標準概括為 “ 忠實、通順 ” 四個字。(教材 :7) ? 三國支謙 《 法句經(jīng)序 》 : “ 因循本旨,不加文飾。 … 美言不信,信言不美。 ” ? 后秦鳩摩羅什, 《 百論序 》 : “ 質(zhì)而不野,簡而必旨。 ” ? No translation, however learned, is of any value that does not give at least some of the joy to the readers that was given by its original. A. J. Arborry ? 1) It was a girl with good manners. ? 2) Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. ? 3) …who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband。 who actually does have to disconsolate family to mourn his loss?!?. Thackeray, Vanity Fair) ? 4) There was an urgent need for him to bee, at least in appearance, a good Republican. ? 這是一位 舉止得體 的姑娘。 ? 狗經(jīng)常被認為是人們的 忠實 朋友。 ? …… 有的是 虔誠 的教徒,慈愛 的父母, 孝順 的兒女,賢良 的妻子, 盡職 的丈夫, 他們家里的人也的確哀思綿綿地追悼他們 ……. (楊必譯) ? 對他來說,迫切需要的是成為一個 地道 的共和黨人,至少表面上是這樣。 Process of Translation ? 理解、表達與審校 ? trust, aggression, import, pensation( Gee Steiner ) ? Theodore Savory在 1957年發(fā)表的 The Art of Translation 一書中寫道: ? A fair conclusion from these ideas is that the translator’s work may be analysed into the answering of three questions. Faced with a passage in its original language, he must ask himself: ? (1) What does the author say? ? (2) What does he mean? ? (3) How does he say it? ? This method of analysis may be applied to the paragraph, to the sentence, or even to the phrase. ?
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