【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 order 要求遵守秩序to raise a point of order 提出關(guān)于議程的問(wèn)題 general debate 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的討論 receivability 可以接受,可接納 stand 立場(chǎng),主張consensus 意見(jiàn)advisory opinion 顧問(wèn)意見(jiàn) proposal 建議to table a proposal 提出建議 clarification 澄清 ment 評(píng)論to second, to support 贊成 to adopt 通過(guò)to oppose 反對(duì)to raise an objection 提出異議to move an amendment 提出修正案 to amend 修正second reading(法案、議案的)二讀 substantive motion 實(shí)質(zhì)性的動(dòng)議 decision 決定 ruling 裁決 to reject 拒絕,駁回 resolution 決議draft resolution 決議草案,提案 first draft, preliminary draft 草案初稿 whereases 正式文件的開(kāi)場(chǎng)白,前言 motivations 表明動(dòng)機(jī) operative part 生效部分 report 報(bào)告factual report 事實(shí)報(bào)告 minutes, record 記錄 summary record 摘要紀(jì)錄 verbatim record 逐字紀(jì)錄memorandum 備忘錄to postpone, to adjourn, to put off 推遲,延期 closure 閉幕式closing speech 閉幕詞to adjourn the meeting, to close the meeting 散會(huì)member 成員membership 成員資格member as of right 法定代表 life member 終身成員fullfledged member 全權(quán)代表 head of delegation 代表團(tuán)團(tuán)長(zhǎng) permanent delegate 常駐代表 representative 代表alternate, substitute 副代表 observer 觀察員technical adviser 技術(shù)顧問(wèn) auditor 審計(jì)員 office 職務(wù)holder of an office 職稱honorary president 名譽(yù)主席 chairman 主席presidency, chairmanship, chair 主席團(tuán) interim chairman 臨時(shí)主席vicepresident, vicechairman 副主席 rapporteur 文書(shū),秘書(shū)former chairman 前主席(美作:past chairman)director general 局長(zhǎng),處長(zhǎng)deputy director general 副局長(zhǎng),副處長(zhǎng) secretary general 秘書(shū)長(zhǎng) executive secretary 執(zhí)行秘書(shū) treasurer 司庫(kù) officials 官員 consultant 顧問(wèn) precis writer 記錄(員)full powers 全權(quán) to chair 主持terms of reference 職權(quán)范圍 with a right to vote 有表決權(quán) ushers 招待英語(yǔ)翻譯訓(xùn)練方法英語(yǔ)翻譯訓(xùn)練方法之——科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)與翻譯任何作品均有特定的文體，原文的文體不同，翻譯方法也隨之而異。試觀察下列幾個(gè)片斷的原文及其譯文“It appears that you39。ve got the offer of a very good job.” “A wonderful job.” “Are you going to take it ?” “I don39。t think so.” “Why not?39。 ”I don39。t want to.“ ”聽(tīng)說(shuō)有個(gè)很好的工作要你去干?！?”挺好的工作“?！贝蛩愀蓡?？“ ”不。“ ”為什么不干？“ ”不想干“。摘自《刀鋒》（The Razor39。s Edge）這是小說(shuō)中的一段對(duì)說(shuō)，屬于口語(yǔ)文體。其特點(diǎn)是：用詞自由，句法結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，短句與省略句多，自然樸素，生活氣息濃厚。在譯文中進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，省去主語(yǔ)”你“、”我“；將英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)句子I don39。t think ”不“，顯得簡(jiǎn)潔有力。She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything ，一張?zhí)孤书_(kāi)誠(chéng)的面容，一種天真羞怯的神氣。一雙大落落的柔順眼睛，里邊隱藏著無(wú)窮的心事，只有那些對(duì)于凄惶無(wú)告的窮苦人面目作過(guò)同情觀察的人才看得出來(lái)。摘自（珍妮姑娘）（Jennie Gerhardt）,就運(yùn)用了十個(gè)形容詞,占五分之一?！盿nd in then dwelt such a shadow of distress“是非常優(yōu)美生動(dòng)的文學(xué)語(yǔ)言，譯文保持了一風(fēng)格。MONTREALClark Johns acplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a fourpoint first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.[蒙特利爾電]在全國(guó)手球聯(lián)賽中克拉克約翰斯今晚初試鋒芒，引起轟動(dòng)。上半場(chǎng)領(lǐng)先四分，首開(kāi)記錄。克拉克發(fā)揮中堅(jiān)作用，約翰遜市高帽隊(duì)終以6:4擊敗蒙特利爾市小鴨隊(duì)，創(chuàng)造了連勝八場(chǎng)未負(fù)一場(chǎng)的戰(zhàn)績(jī)。這是屬于應(yīng)用文的新聞文體，其特點(diǎn)是簡(jiǎn)明扼要，短小精悍，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，筆鋒犀利。上述這則電訊只有一個(gè)句子，卻把一場(chǎng)球賽描繪得淋漓盡致，富于吸引力。The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in fullscale reading of the meter alone may be the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to fullscale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the ，不難看出其文體與修辭手段與前面列舉的文藝小說(shuō)，新聞報(bào)道等迥然不同?？萍嘉捏w崇尚嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)周密，概念準(zhǔn)確，邏輯性強(qiáng)，行文簡(jiǎn)練，重點(diǎn)突出，句式嚴(yán)整，少有變化，常用前置性陳述，即在句中將主要信息盡量前置，通過(guò)主語(yǔ)傳遞主要信息?？萍嘉恼挛捏w的特點(diǎn)是：清晰、準(zhǔn)確、精練、嚴(yán)密。那末，科技文章的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)特色在翻譯過(guò)程中如何處理，這是進(jìn)行英漢科技翻譯時(shí)需要探討的問(wèn)題?，F(xiàn)分述如下：一、大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)《當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在論述科技英語(yǔ)時(shí)提出，大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（Nominalization）是科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)之一。因?yàn)榭萍嘉捏w要求行文簡(jiǎn)潔、表達(dá)客觀、內(nèi)容確切、信息量大、強(qiáng)調(diào)存在的事實(shí)。而非某一行為。Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid 。句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)，一方面簡(jiǎn)化了同位語(yǔ)從句，另一方強(qiáng)調(diào)displacement 這一事實(shí)。The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to ，引起晝夜的變化。名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使復(fù)合句簡(jiǎn)化成簡(jiǎn)單句，而且使表達(dá)的概念更加確切嚴(yán)密。If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat be considerably 。科技英語(yǔ)所表述的是客觀規(guī)律，因之要盡量避免使用第一、二人稱；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio 。名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí)，而”謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則著重其發(fā)射和接受的能力。二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)句根據(jù)英國(guó)利茲大學(xué)John Swales 的統(tǒng)計(jì)，科技英語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)至少三分之一是被動(dòng)態(tài)。這是因?yàn)榭萍嘉恼聜?cè)重?cái)⑹峦评?，?qiáng)調(diào)客觀準(zhǔn)確。第一、二人稱使用過(guò)多，會(huì)造成主觀臆斷的印象。因此盡量使用第三人稱敘述，采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the 。而很少說(shuō)：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the 。此外，如前所述，科技文章將主要信息前置，放在主語(yǔ)部份。這也是廣泛使用被動(dòng)態(tài)的主要原因。試觀察并比較下列兩段短文的主語(yǔ)。We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is measured in 。這樣的裝置稱之為電容器，其儲(chǔ)存電能的能力稱為電容。電容的測(cè)量單位是法拉。這一段短文中各句的主語(yǔ)分別為： Electrical energy Such a deviceIts ability to store electrical energyIt(Capacitance)它們都包含了較多的信息，并且處于句首的位置，非常醒目。四個(gè)主語(yǔ)完全不同，避免了單調(diào)重復(fù)，前后連貫，自然流暢。足見(jiàn)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)可收簡(jiǎn)潔客觀之效。三、非限定動(dòng)詞。如前所述，科技文章要求行文簡(jiǎn)練，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，為此，往往使用分詞短語(yǔ)代替定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句；使用分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)代替狀語(yǔ)從句或并列分句；使用不定式短語(yǔ)代替各種從句；介詞十動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)代替定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句。這樣可縮短句子，又比較醒目。試比較下列各組句子。A direct current is a current flowing always in the same 。Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to ，使得氣流上升。A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that ，那么物體將作勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound ，每一次振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)聲波。In munications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to ，電子學(xué)要解決的問(wèn)題是如何把信息從一個(gè)地方傳遞到另一個(gè)地方。Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental 。There are different ways of changing energy from one form into 。In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving ，信息就由廣播電臺(tái)傳遞到接收機(jī)。四、后置定語(yǔ)大量使用后置定語(yǔ)也是科技文章的特點(diǎn)之一。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)不以下五種：介詞短語(yǔ)The forces due to friction are called frictional 。A call for paper is now being 。形容詞及形容詞短語(yǔ)。In this factory the only fuel available is 。In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to ，轉(zhuǎn)換成性質(zhì)與光相似的輻射能