【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 進(jìn)。（ SV) ? It rains cats and dogs.(SVO) ? 大雨滂沱。（ SV) ? Where there is a will, there is a way.(Complex)有志者事竟成。 (Simple) ? Every dog has his day. ? The oppressed people in the world rather go through fire and water to fight against imperialists and colonialists than be turned round their little fingers. ? 世界上被壓迫人民寧肯 赴湯蹈火 同帝國(guó)主義者和殖民主義者進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)，也不愿 任人擺布 。 ? The Milk Way ? Lie on one’s back ? It means killing two birds with one stone. ? 你不要班門(mén)弄斧了。 ? ’t display your axe at Lu Ban’s door.(L) ? ’t teach your grandmother to suck eggs.(F) ? offer to teach a fish to swim.(C) ? “Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.” ? “尼克松滿(mǎn)面春風(fēng)，基辛格更是笑容可掬。 ” Homework ? Translate the following: ? live only once. ? 2. play at soldier假扮士兵 ? 3. Chinese oil 桐油 ? 4. dry nurse保姆 , (協(xié)助他人的 )教導(dǎo)者 (wet nurse奶媽 , 乳母 ) （教引嬤嬤？） ? 5. Indian meal玉米粉 ? 6. He paid attentions to the ；殷勤 ? 7. good sailor ? 8. busybody愛(ài)管閑事的人；好事之徒 補(bǔ)充講解 ? ? 第一章 ? 翻譯的基本概念 ? 1，翻譯的性質(zhì)（定義） 人們對(duì)翻譯性質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)：由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)；由低級(jí)到高級(jí)。 蓋翻譯者，謂翻梵天之語(yǔ)，轉(zhuǎn)成漢地之言。 音雖似別，意則大同。 宋僧法云 《 翻譯名義集 》 譯即易，謂換易言語(yǔ)使相解也。 唐賈公彥 《 義疏 》 翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整的重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。 張培基 ? Translation consists in reproducing the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ? A, 再現(xiàn)原文信息，而不是保留原文的結(jié)構(gòu)形式； ? B, 原文與譯文之間是對(duì)等，而非同一關(guān)系； ? C，對(duì)等是貼切，自然的； ? D, 意義是優(yōu)先考慮的因素； ? E, 文體成分也很重要。 ? equivalence ? Formal equivalence: 偏重于原語(yǔ)的表達(dá)形式 ? Dynamic equivalence: 最貼近原語(yǔ)信息的自然對(duì)等。 ? Functional equivalence: 譯文的功能于原文的功能基本一致。 Wordforword Translation ? The culture shared by people speaking the receptor language is often very different from the culture of people speaking the source language. This will automatically make them difficult to find lexical equivalents. The lexicons of the two languages sometimes do not match. This mismatch will make it necessary for the translators to deal with many adjustments in the process of translation. This causes a oneforone equivalence of lexical terms impossible. Mistakes will occurs if we fail to recognize this difference. ? Example ? 中山紀(jì)念堂是廣東省重點(diǎn)文化保護(hù)單位 。 （ 廣州中山紀(jì)念堂簡(jiǎn)介 ） ? The Sun Yatsen Memorial Hall is a protected site of key importance as a cultural unit by the order of Guangdong Provincial Government. ? ? In this context, to render“重點(diǎn)文化保護(hù)單位 ” into “a protected site of key importance as a cultural unit” is an instance of “wordforword” translation, although the individual English words are fairly consistent with the Chinese words(in the original work) in their word order and their “part of speech.” ? In this example “a cultural unit” means “一個(gè)文化單元 ” in Chinese, and is not what the Chinese people called “文化單位 ,” which should correctly be translated into “a historical site.” ? When people render “單位 ” into English, they are accustomed to connect “單位 ” in Chinese to“unit” in English, but actually no word in English can really match the word “單位 ” in Chinese. Thus the limit of lexical equivalence appears, which requires us to make the translation specific. ? Example ? 水映山容 ， 使山容益添秀美 ， 山青水秀 ， 使水能更顯柔情 。 有詩(shī)云：岸上湖中各有奇 ，山觴水酌兩相宜 。 只言游舫渾如畫(huà) ， 身在畫(huà)中原不知 。 ? ? The hills overshadow the lake, and the lake reflects the hills. They are in perfect harmony and more beautiful than a picture. ? （ 中譯英技巧文集 ， 1992） ? In the source language text, the first sentence is formed by fourcharacter expressions(水映山容 and山青水秀 ), which serves to make sentences balanced and sound with emphasis on meaning. Owing to this feature, it is enough to translate the two fourcharacters by blending to avoid redundancy. ? The whole poem shouldn’t be omitted, because here, hills and lakes set each other off and form an internal whole, and the poem is just describing this scenery. Using blending to interpret the poem not only retains the original but also obtains the equivalence between Chinese and English. ? Abridged from The English translation of Chinese Tourism Texts form the Perspective of Cultranslation ? 2, 翻譯的分類(lèi)； ? 翻譯手段：口譯、筆譯、機(jī)器翻譯 ? 翻譯語(yǔ)言： ? 言?xún)?nèi)翻譯： 信息發(fā)出者 信息 信息接受者 ? 言際翻譯： SL信息發(fā)出者 譯者 TL信息接受者 SL原文 翻譯過(guò)程 TL譯文 編碼 解碼 重新編碼 解碼 ? 符號(hào)翻譯 ? 翻譯題材： ? 政論文、應(yīng)用文、科技文、文學(xué) ? 3, 翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ? 語(yǔ)際的意義轉(zhuǎn)換不能是任意的，它必須遵循一定的規(guī)范，才能使翻譯成為有意義的社會(huì)行為。翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就是語(yǔ)際意義轉(zhuǎn)換的規(guī)范性制約條件。 ? 劉宓慶： 1990《 現(xiàn)代翻譯理論