【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 es. ? 3. 我介紹他加入?yún)f(xié)會。（兼語式謂語） ? I remended him for membership of the association 3)In addition, there are quite a few illogical expressions in Chinese. ? Compare: ? 曬太陽 to bask in the sun ? 曬衣服 to sun one’s clothes ? 補充缺額 to fill a vacancy ? 補充人力 to replenish manpower ? 吃大碗 to eat with a big bowl ? 打掃衛(wèi)生 to do some cleaning ? 打掃房間 to clean a room ? 吃蘋果 to eat an apple ? 救火 to fight a fire ? 救國 to save the nation ? 恢復疲勞 to get refreshed ? 恢復健康 to recover one’s health 4) More ambiguity can be found in Chinese due to the lack of connectives, inflections and other grammatical markers: ? 1. 他欠你的錢（他＋欠你錢／他欠你的＋錢） ? 2. 準備了兩年的食物（準備了兩年的＋食物／準備了＋兩年的食物） ? 3. 熱愛人民的總理（熱愛＋人民的總理／熱愛人民的＋總理） ? 4. 神秘的少女的心（神秘的＋少女的心／神秘的少女的＋心） ? 5. 找到了孩子的媽媽（找到了孩子的＋媽媽／找到了＋孩子的媽媽） ? 6. 喜歡的是她（喜歡她／她喜歡） ? 7. 是前天發(fā)的電報（回答“這是什么”／回答“什么時候發(fā)電報”） ? 8. 財務組應該清查（“財務組”是施事：清查別人／“財務組”是受事：被清查） ? 9. 我差一點沒跟他結(jié)婚（想跟他結(jié)婚，事實上也跟他結(jié)婚了／不想跟他結(jié)婚，也沒有跟他結(jié)婚／跟不跟他結(jié)婚無所謂，不過事實上沒有跟他結(jié)婚） ? 3)漢語的流水句 ? The suppleness of the Chinese language also manifests itself in the runon sentence（流水句）， which is posed of the full sentence and the minor sentence ‖（小句） . A full sentence has a subjectpredicate structure, while a minor sentence has only a word（ s） or, phrase（ s） . As 呂叔湘（ 1979: 27） points out, ―用小句而不用句子做基本單位，較能適應漢語的情況，因為漢語口語里特多流水句，一個小句接一個小句，很多地方可斷可連” : ? 1. 接著，他繼續(xù)設(shè)想，雞又生雞，用雞賣錢，錢買母牛，母牛繁殖，賣牛得錢，用錢放債，這么一連串的發(fā)財計劃，當然也不能算是生產(chǎn)的計劃。（馬南村： 《 燕山夜話 》 )Reference ? ，遇到了不少人，要談起來，奇妙的事兒可多著呢。 ? There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. ? He went on indulging in wishful thinking, Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him money. With this he Could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could bee a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing at all to do with production. (三） Conclusion ? 英語注重句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，遵循句子成分之間協(xié)調(diào)一致的原則，使用形態(tài)標志及連接詞使各種成分關(guān)系明確，有著規(guī)范的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。 ? 漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較靈活，因為漢語重內(nèi)在的意義連貫而不種外在形式。漢語不要求結(jié)構(gòu)齊整，無論是在口語還是書面語中，都存在大量的流散型句式。 ? 王力（ 1984: 53, 141） also points out, ―就句子的結(jié)構(gòu)而論，西洋語言是法治的，中國語言是人治的?！彼^“法治”，即句子的形式嚴格受到語法的制約，如句子必須有主語和謂語動詞，及物動詞必須有賓語，這些“不管用得著用不著，總要呆板地求句子形式的一律”。所謂“人治”，即句子比較不受形式的約束，可以因表意的需要而加以變通，詞語的分合伸縮比較靈活，“用得著就用，用不著就不用”，只要雙方意思明白，就可以了。英語有綜合語的特征，受形態(tài)的約束，因而“語法是硬的，沒有彈性”；漢語是分析語，不受形態(tài)的約束，因而“語法是軟的，富于彈性”。 (三 ) Hypotactic vs. Paratactic ? 1. Hypotaxis（形合法） ? Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. ? . I shall despair if you don’t e. ? English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis. Contrast Between English and Chinese Chinese Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboomaking （制竹） （語序相對固定） English Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like blockbuilding （積木） （語序相對靈活） Contrast Between English and Chinese Chinese Meaningfocused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隱性連貫 ) Paratactic 語義型語言 (以意統(tǒng)形 ) English Formfocused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （顯性聯(lián)接） Hypotactic 形態(tài)型語言 (以形馭意 ) ? To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more often resorts to overt cohesion（顯性接應），frequently using various cohesive ties such as relatives（ relative or conjunctive pronouns and adverbs, e. g. who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how） , connectives（ coordinate or subordinate conjunctions, e. g. and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either…(n)or…, when, while, as, since, until, so… that, unless, lest ） , prepositions, and some others. 1) Relativesamp。Connectives ? 1. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. ? 過了一些時候，從遠方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當天，確實發(fā)生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。 ? 2. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. ? 為什么如此眾多的美國人不能如想象中那樣幸福呢？我認為原因有二，而兩者之間又有深淺之分。 2) Prepositions ? The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. ? 彩虹有多種顏色 ,外圈紅 ,內(nèi)圈紫 . ? Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. ? 本節(jié)內(nèi)容如有更改，均見本書末附錄。 2. Paratactic（意合法） ? Parataxis（意合法） is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. ? . The rain fell。 the river flooded。 the house washed away. ? Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis. ? By contrast, Chinese more frequently relies on covert coherence （隱性連貫） and context, focusing on temporal or logical sequences. Instead of using various cohesive ties such as relatives, connectives and prepositions as in English, Chinese more often resorts to word order, contracted sentences （緊縮句） , fourcharacter expressions （四字格） and some grammatical or rhetorical devices such as repetition, antithesis, and parallelism. 1) 語序 ? 漢語中的許多主從復句 ,雖不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞 ,形式類似并列句 ,但分句含義卻有主有次 .從句若置前 ,一般有“因為”、“如果”、“雖然”、“即使”等含義。 ? Compare English with Chinese: ? 1. 人（若）不犯我，我（則）不犯人。（語序） ? We will not attack unless we are attacked. ? 2. 說是說了，沒有結(jié)果。（＝我雖然說了，但是沒有結(jié)果。）（語序） ? I39。ve made proposals, but they proved futile. ? 3.（一旦）抓住了主要矛盾，一切問題就可以迎刃而解。（語序） ? Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. 2) 緊縮句 ? 這類句式是由復句緊縮而成的，簡明緊湊，分句之間的語法關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系往往是隱含的。 ? . ? 不到黃河心不死。（緊縮句） ? Until all is over, ambition never dies. ? 有飯大家吃。（如果有飯的話，那就讓大家吃吧）（緊縮句） ? 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