【正文】 構(gòu)被動(dòng)句 (syntactic passive)遠(yuǎn)比意義被動(dòng)句 (notional passive)多。 ? These products sell like hot cakes. ? The room filled rapidly. ? This kind of cloth washes very well. ? The book is printing. ? The plan is working out. ? 英語(yǔ)有些被動(dòng)意義可以用詞匯手段來(lái)表達(dá)。 ? examinee ? employee ? his astonishment ? respactable ? in one’s possession ? under the influence(of alcohol) ? (2).Active ? 漢語(yǔ)常用主動(dòng)式、意義被動(dòng)式，而少用結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)式。這一差異只要是因?yàn)椋? ? 漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)式的使用受到限制。 到近代，漢語(yǔ)才有“被動(dòng)式”，而且曾被稱(chēng)為“不幸語(yǔ)態(tài)”。 通過(guò)添加一些表示被動(dòng)的詞匯構(gòu)成： “被”、“讓”、“給”、“叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”等，但也大多表達(dá)不如意或不企望的事情。 2）當(dāng)施事者難以指明時(shí)，采用通稱(chēng)：“人”、“有人”、“人們”、“大家”、“人家”、“別人”、“某人”。 人們普遍認(rèn)為 …… 眾所周知 據(jù)說(shuō) 據(jù)悉 有人聽(tīng)見(jiàn)呼救的聲音。 ? 3）英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)式譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，若不采用“被動(dòng)式”，常常采用“處置式”（把、將、使）。 ? These questions should not be confused. ? 不要把這些問(wèn)題混在一起。 ? Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October,1964. ? 一九六四年十月，中國(guó)爆炸了第一顆原子彈，這把基辛格嚇了一跳。 ? Whenever work is being done,energy is being converted from one form into another. ? 凡是做工，都是把能從一中形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種形式。 七 ) Static vs Dynamic ? English tends to use less verbs than Chinese. In a simple English sentence or in an English clause, only one verb is used as the predicate of the sentence or clause. In a Chinese sentence, a number of verbs can be used as its predicate at the same time, so we may say that the Chinese is rather ―dynamic‖ while the English is ―static‖. Nouns can be characterized as “stative” while verbs can be equally characterized as “dynamic”. Adjectives and prepositions often go hand in hand with nouns while adverbs are frequently used with verbs. English is featured bt its predominance of nouns over verbs, and is therefore more static. Chinese often employs verbs and verbal phrases, and is therefore more dynamic. ? ? 1) 名詞化 (nominalization)是英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象 ? 名詞化主要指用名詞來(lái)表達(dá)原來(lái)屬于動(dòng)詞(或形容詞 )所表達(dá)的概念 ,如用抽象名詞來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等概念。 Compare: ? . The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedomloving people everywhere. ? Freedomloving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country. ? 2) 用名詞表示施動(dòng)者，以代替動(dòng)詞 ? 英語(yǔ)中有大量由動(dòng)詞派生 (er /–or)的名詞既表示施事者，又保留原來(lái)動(dòng)詞的意義。這類(lèi)名詞常與前置形容詞構(gòu)成靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。 ? a hard worker 工作努力 ? He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。 ? 3） 用名詞代替形容詞，構(gòu)成標(biāo)題式短語(yǔ) ? 報(bào)刊標(biāo)題為了節(jié)約版面，盡量省去虛詞和其他次要的詞，把醒目的詞語(yǔ)擠壓在一起。 ? SinoAmerican Trade Review Talks Start ? Job Opportunity Discrimination ? 4) 名詞優(yōu)勢(shì)造成介詞優(yōu)勢(shì) ? 英語(yǔ)常常使用介詞取代動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，即以“靜”代“動(dòng)”。 ? He is at his books. ? The machine is in operation. ? They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy. ? 2. Dynamic ? 1) 動(dòng)詞連用是漢語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象 ? 他想辦法擺脫了困境。 ? He thought his way out of the dilemma. ? 我去叫他們派一個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)到這兒來(lái)幫助你算帳吧。 ? Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts. ? 我被老師叫到辦公室去作檢討。 ? I was called to the office by the teacher to make a selfcriticism. ? 2)動(dòng)詞（詞組）可以充當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的各種成分。 ? 實(shí)現(xiàn)理想要靠辛勤勞動(dòng)。 ? To translate ideals into reality needs had work. ? 解決問(wèn)題的最好方法是進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究。 ? The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations. ? 3)漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常重復(fù)或重疊 ? 說(shuō)是的說(shuō)是，說(shuō)非的說(shuō)非，莫衷一是。 ? Some say ―yes‖ and others ―no‖。 I don’t know whom to follow. ? 念死書(shū)念出來(lái)的學(xué)問(wèn)是沒(méi)有多大用處的。 ? Learning by rote will be unprofitable. ? 學(xué)問(wèn)，學(xué)問(wèn)，要學(xué)要問(wèn)；邊學(xué)邊問(wèn)，才有學(xué)問(wèn)。 ? Acquisition of knowledge entails leaning and seeking for explanation. ? 過(guò)程 ? 靜態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)態(tài) ? It came not as a Nixon revelation, but rather as a confirmation of the ―New York Times‖ story. ? 這不能算是尼克松透露了什么新東西 ,而是證實(shí)了“紐約時(shí)報(bào)”的報(bào)道。 ? 動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為靜態(tài)： ? 一切愛(ài)好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，徹底銷(xiāo)毀核武器。 ? All peaceloving people demand the plete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. ? 他深信，只有對(duì)歷史加以透徹研究，才能真正學(xué)到知識(shí)。 ? He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history. Exercise ? He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler. ? He has someone behind him. ? 他學(xué)東西很快。 ? 計(jì)算機(jī)比人檢查得更細(xì)心、更勤快。 八 ) Abstract vs. Concrete ? 英語(yǔ)傾向用名詞表達(dá)，往往導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言的抽象化，而漢族人喜歡用比較具體的方式來(lái)表達(dá)抽象的意義。 ? In English, norminalization often results in abstraction. The method of abstract diction is found in the frequent use of abstract nouns. 漢語(yǔ)往往采用如下的手段來(lái)表達(dá)英語(yǔ)的抽象詞義： ? 1) 用動(dòng)詞取代抽象名詞。英語(yǔ)大量的行為抽象名詞表示行為或動(dòng)作意義，由這類(lèi)名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)往往相當(dāng)于主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)。漢語(yǔ)若用相應(yīng)的名詞表達(dá)，往往顯得不自然、不通順。在英漢轉(zhuǎn)換中，漢語(yǔ)可充分利用其動(dòng)詞優(yōu)勢(shì)，以動(dòng)代靜，以實(shí)代虛。 ? I marvelled at the relentless determination of the rain. 雨無(wú)情地下個(gè)不停，我感到驚異。 ? He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. 在決策過(guò)程中，他已經(jīng)不那么拋頭露面了。 ? High blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug. 高血壓患者忌服此藥。 ? These problems defy easy classification. 這些問(wèn)題難以歸類(lèi)。 ? 2) 用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。范疇詞（ category words）用來(lái)表示行為、現(xiàn)象、屬性等概念所屬的范疇，是漢語(yǔ)常用的特指手段。如： ? We have winked at these irregularities too long. 我們對(duì)這些越軌行為寬容得太久了。 ? What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. 那時(shí)他們最渴望的就是結(jié)束這搖擺不定的局面。 ? He discussed greatness and excellence. 他探討了偉大和杰出的涵義。 ? What both students and teachers are experiencing is the recognition…. 不管是學(xué)生還是老師，他們現(xiàn)在都經(jīng)歷著這樣一個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程。 ? 3) 用具體的詞語(yǔ)闡釋抽象的詞義。英語(yǔ)抽象詞的涵義比較籠統(tǒng)，概括、虛泛，在漢語(yǔ)里往往找不到對(duì)應(yīng)的詞來(lái)表達(dá)，這時(shí)常常要借助具體的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋其抽象的詞義。 1） The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. 星星在清澈的晴空中閃爍。 2） This rambling propensity strengthened with years. 歲月增添，游興更濃。 3） On March 1, Nixon internationalized his approach to China. 3月 1日，尼克松把他對(duì)中國(guó)問(wèn)題的看法擴(kuò)大到國(guó)際范圍里了。 4） To the Chinese, theirs was not a civilisation, but the civilisation. 中國(guó)人認(rèn)為他們的文化不是文化中的一種，而唯一的文化。 ? 4) 用形象性詞語(yǔ)使抽象意義具（ figuration）。漢語(yǔ)雖較缺乏抽象詞語(yǔ)，但形象性詞語(yǔ)（如比喻、成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)、歇后語(yǔ)等）卻相當(dāng)豐富。漢語(yǔ)常常借助這類(lèi)生動(dòng)具體的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)英語(yǔ)抽象籠統(tǒng)的意義。如： 1） He was open now to charges of wilful blindness. 這時(shí)人們指責(zé)他裝聾作啞。 2） He waite