【正文】 構(gòu)被動句 (syntactic passive)遠(yuǎn)比意義被動句 (notional passive)多。 ? These products sell like hot cakes. ? The room filled rapidly. ? This kind of cloth washes very well. ? The book is printing. ? The plan is working out. ? 英語有些被動意義可以用詞匯手段來表達(dá)。 ? examinee ? employee ? his astonishment ? respactable ? in one’s possession ? under the influence(of alcohol) ? (2).Active ? 漢語常用主動式、意義被動式，而少用結(jié)構(gòu)被動式。這一差異只要是因為： ? 漢語被動式的使用受到限制。 到近代，漢語才有“被動式”，而且曾被稱為“不幸語態(tài)”。 通過添加一些表示被動的詞匯構(gòu)成： “被”、“讓”、“給”、“叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”等，但也大多表達(dá)不如意或不企望的事情。 2）當(dāng)施事者難以指明時，采用通稱：“人”、“有人”、“人們”、“大家”、“人家”、“別人”、“某人”。 人們普遍認(rèn)為 …… 眾所周知 據(jù)說 據(jù)悉 有人聽見呼救的聲音。 ? 3）英語的被動式譯成漢語時，若不采用“被動式”，常常采用“處置式”（把、將、使）。 ? These questions should not be confused. ? 不要把這些問題混在一起。 ? Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October,1964. ? 一九六四年十月，中國爆炸了第一顆原子彈，這把基辛格嚇了一跳。 ? Whenever work is being done,energy is being converted from one form into another. ? 凡是做工，都是把能從一中形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種形式。 七 ) Static vs Dynamic ? English tends to use less verbs than Chinese. In a simple English sentence or in an English clause, only one verb is used as the predicate of the sentence or clause. In a Chinese sentence, a number of verbs can be used as its predicate at the same time, so we may say that the Chinese is rather ―dynamic‖ while the English is ―static‖. Nouns can be characterized as “stative” while verbs can be equally characterized as “dynamic”. Adjectives and prepositions often go hand in hand with nouns while adverbs are frequently used with verbs. English is featured bt its predominance of nouns over verbs, and is therefore more static. Chinese often employs verbs and verbal phrases, and is therefore more dynamic. ? ? 1) 名詞化 (nominalization)是英語常見的現(xiàn)象 ? 名詞化主要指用名詞來表達(dá)原來屬于動詞(或形容詞 )所表達(dá)的概念 ,如用抽象名詞來表達(dá)動作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等概念。 Compare: ? . The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedomloving people everywhere. ? Freedomloving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country. ? 2) 用名詞表示施動者，以代替動詞 ? 英語中有大量由動詞派生 (er /–or)的名詞既表示施事者，又保留原來動詞的意義。這類名詞常與前置形容詞構(gòu)成靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。 ? a hard worker 工作努力 ? He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。 ? 3） 用名詞代替形容詞，構(gòu)成標(biāo)題式短語 ? 報刊標(biāo)題為了節(jié)約版面，盡量省去虛詞和其他次要的詞，把醒目的詞語擠壓在一起。 ? SinoAmerican Trade Review Talks Start ? Job Opportunity Discrimination ? 4) 名詞優(yōu)勢造成介詞優(yōu)勢 ? 英語常常使用介詞取代動詞短語，即以“靜”代“動”。 ? He is at his books. ? The machine is in operation. ? They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy. ? 2. Dynamic ? 1) 動詞連用是漢語常見的現(xiàn)象 ? 他想辦法擺脫了困境。 ? He thought his way out of the dilemma. ? 我去叫他們派一個會計到這兒來幫助你算帳吧。 ? Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts. ? 我被老師叫到辦公室去作檢討。 ? I was called to the office by the teacher to make a selfcriticism. ? 2)動詞（詞組）可以充當(dāng)漢語句子的各種成分。 ? 實現(xiàn)理想要靠辛勤勞動。 ? To translate ideals into reality needs had work. ? 解決問題的最好方法是進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究。 ? The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations. ? 3)漢語動詞常常重復(fù)或重疊 ? 說是的說是，說非的說非，莫衷一是。 ? Some say ―yes‖ and others ―no‖。 I don’t know whom to follow. ? 念死書念出來的學(xué)問是沒有多大用處的。 ? Learning by rote will be unprofitable. ? 學(xué)問，學(xué)問，要學(xué)要問；邊學(xué)邊問，才有學(xué)問。 ? Acquisition of knowledge entails leaning and seeking for explanation. ? 過程 ? 靜態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為動態(tài) ? It came not as a Nixon revelation, but rather as a confirmation of the ―New York Times‖ story. ? 這不能算是尼克松透露了什么新東西 ,而是證實了“紐約時報”的報道。 ? 動態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為靜態(tài)： ? 一切愛好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，徹底銷毀核武器。 ? All peaceloving people demand the plete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. ? 他深信，只有對歷史加以透徹研究，才能真正學(xué)到知識。 ? He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history. Exercise ? He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler. ? He has someone behind him. ? 他學(xué)東西很快。 ? 計算機比人檢查得更細(xì)心、更勤快。 八 ) Abstract vs. Concrete ? 英語傾向用名詞表達(dá)，往往導(dǎo)致語言的抽象化，而漢族人喜歡用比較具體的方式來表達(dá)抽象的意義。 ? In English, norminalization often results in abstraction. The method of abstract diction is found in the frequent use of abstract nouns. 漢語往往采用如下的手段來表達(dá)英語的抽象詞義： ? 1) 用動詞取代抽象名詞。英語大量的行為抽象名詞表示行為或動作意義，由這類名詞構(gòu)成的短語往往相當(dāng)于主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或動賓結(jié)構(gòu)。漢語若用相應(yīng)的名詞表達(dá)，往往顯得不自然、不通順。在英漢轉(zhuǎn)換中，漢語可充分利用其動詞優(yōu)勢，以動代靜，以實代虛。 ? I marvelled at the relentless determination of the rain. 雨無情地下個不停，我感到驚異。 ? He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. 在決策過程中，他已經(jīng)不那么拋頭露面了。 ? High blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug. 高血壓患者忌服此藥。 ? These problems defy easy classification. 這些問題難以歸類。 ? 2) 用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。范疇詞（ category words）用來表示行為、現(xiàn)象、屬性等概念所屬的范疇，是漢語常用的特指手段。如： ? We have winked at these irregularities too long. 我們對這些越軌行為寬容得太久了。 ? What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. 那時他們最渴望的就是結(jié)束這搖擺不定的局面。 ? He discussed greatness and excellence. 他探討了偉大和杰出的涵義。 ? What both students and teachers are experiencing is the recognition…. 不管是學(xué)生還是老師，他們現(xiàn)在都經(jīng)歷著這樣一個認(rèn)識過程。 ? 3) 用具體的詞語闡釋抽象的詞義。英語抽象詞的涵義比較籠統(tǒng)，概括、虛泛，在漢語里往往找不到對應(yīng)的詞來表達(dá)，這時常常要借助具體的詞語來解釋其抽象的詞義。 1） The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. 星星在清澈的晴空中閃爍。 2） This rambling propensity strengthened with years. 歲月增添，游興更濃。 3） On March 1, Nixon internationalized his approach to China. 3月 1日，尼克松把他對中國問題的看法擴大到國際范圍里了。 4） To the Chinese, theirs was not a civilisation, but the civilisation. 中國人認(rèn)為他們的文化不是文化中的一種，而唯一的文化。 ? 4) 用形象性詞語使抽象意義具（ figuration）。漢語雖較缺乏抽象詞語，但形象性詞語（如比喻、成語、諺語、歇后語等）卻相當(dāng)豐富。漢語常常借助這類生動具體的詞語來表達(dá)英語抽象籠統(tǒng)的意義。如： 1） He was open now to charges of wilful blindness. 這時人們指責(zé)他裝聾作啞。 2） He waite