【正文】 2） He waited fo。漢語(yǔ)常常借助這類生動(dòng)具體的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)英語(yǔ)抽象籠統(tǒng)的意義。 ? 4) 用形象性詞語(yǔ)使抽象意義具（ figuration）。 3） On March 1, Nixon internationalized his approach to China. 3月 1日，尼克松把他對(duì)中國(guó)問(wèn)題的看法擴(kuò)大到國(guó)際范圍里了。 1） The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. 星星在清澈的晴空中閃爍。 ? 3) 用具體的詞語(yǔ)闡釋抽象的詞義。 ? He discussed greatness and excellence. 他探討了偉大和杰出的涵義。如： ? We have winked at these irregularities too long. 我們對(duì)這些越軌行為寬容得太久了。 ? 2) 用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。 ? High blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug. 高血壓患者忌服此藥。 ? I marvelled at the relentless determination of the rain. 雨無(wú)情地下個(gè)不停，我感到驚異。漢語(yǔ)若用相應(yīng)的名詞表達(dá)，往往顯得不自然、不通順。 ? In English, norminalization often results in abstraction. The method of abstract diction is found in the frequent use of abstract nouns. 漢語(yǔ)往往采用如下的手段來(lái)表達(dá)英語(yǔ)的抽象詞義： ? 1) 用動(dòng)詞取代抽象名詞。 ? 計(jì)算機(jī)比人檢查得更細(xì)心、更勤快。 ? All peaceloving people demand the plete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. ? 他深信，只有對(duì)歷史加以透徹研究，才能真正學(xué)到知識(shí)。 ? Acquisition of knowledge entails leaning and seeking for explanation. ? 過(guò)程 ? 靜態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)態(tài) ? It came not as a Nixon revelation, but rather as a confirmation of the ―New York Times‖ story. ? 這不能算是尼克松透露了什么新東西 ,而是證實(shí)了“紐約時(shí)報(bào)”的報(bào)道。 I don’t know whom to follow. ? 念死書念出來(lái)的學(xué)問(wèn)是沒有多大用處的。 ? The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations. ? 3)漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常重復(fù)或重疊 ? 說(shuō)是的說(shuō)是，說(shuō)非的說(shuō)非，莫衷一是。 ? 實(shí)現(xiàn)理想要靠辛勤勞動(dòng)。 ? Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts. ? 我被老師叫到辦公室去作檢討。 ? He is at his books. ? The machine is in operation. ? They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy. ? 2. Dynamic ? 1) 動(dòng)詞連用是漢語(yǔ)常見的現(xiàn)象 ? 他想辦法擺脫了困境。 ? 3） 用名詞代替形容詞，構(gòu)成標(biāo)題式短語(yǔ) ? 報(bào)刊標(biāo)題為了節(jié)約版面，盡量省去虛詞和其他次要的詞，把醒目的詞語(yǔ)擠壓在一起。這類名詞常與前置形容詞構(gòu)成靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。 七 ) Static vs Dynamic ? English tends to use less verbs than Chinese. In a simple English sentence or in an English clause, only one verb is used as the predicate of the sentence or clause. In a Chinese sentence, a number of verbs can be used as its predicate at the same time, so we may say that the Chinese is rather ―dynamic‖ while the English is ―static‖. Nouns can be characterized as “stative” while verbs can be equally characterized as “dynamic”. Adjectives and prepositions often go hand in hand with nouns while adverbs are frequently used with verbs. English is featured bt its predominance of nouns over verbs, and is therefore more static. Chinese often employs verbs and verbal phrases, and is therefore more dynamic. ? ? 1) 名詞化 (nominalization)是英語(yǔ)常見的現(xiàn)象 ? 名詞化主要指用名詞來(lái)表達(dá)原來(lái)屬于動(dòng)詞(或形容詞 )所表達(dá)的概念 ,如用抽象名詞來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等概念。 ? Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October,1964. ? 一九六四年十月，中國(guó)爆炸了第一顆原子彈，這把基辛格嚇了一跳。 ? 3）英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)式譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，若不采用“被動(dòng)式”，常常采用“處置式”（把、將、使）。 2）當(dāng)施事者難以指明時(shí)，采用通稱：“人”、“有人”、“人們”、“大家”、“人家”、“別人”、“某人”。 到近代，漢語(yǔ)才有“被動(dòng)式”，而且曾被稱為“不幸語(yǔ)態(tài)”。 ? examinee ? employee ? his astonishment ? respactable ? in one’s possession ? under the influence(of alcohol) ? (2).Active ? 漢語(yǔ)常用主動(dòng)式、意義被動(dòng)式，而少用結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)式。英語(yǔ)常用被動(dòng)句主要有以下幾方面的原因： ? （ 1）主語(yǔ)不詳，如： ? ① A puppy was knocked down. ? ② Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation. ? （ 2）突出賓語(yǔ)，如： ? ③ The gangster was sent to prison. ④ Two eye witnesses have been questioned. ⑤ All good students will be rewarded. ? （ 3）不方便提到主語(yǔ)，如： ? ⑥ Some students are said to be often late for class. ? ⑦ The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police. ? （ 4）動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣以被動(dòng)式出現(xiàn)，如： ? ⑧ You are expected to work hard from now on. ? ⑨ The last train is scheduled to leave at . ? ⑩ All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country. ? （ 5）文體的需要（信息性的文體） ? 科技文體、新聞文體、公文文體及論述文體 ? 英語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)句 (syntactic passive)遠(yuǎn)比意義被動(dòng)句 (notional passive)多。 ? Wrongs must be righted when they were discovered. ? 必須調(diào)整高等院校的專業(yè)設(shè)置，改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法。 others ? 英語(yǔ)常用被動(dòng)式，采用五稱表達(dá)法；漢語(yǔ)常用主動(dòng)式，采用人稱、泛稱或隱稱表達(dá)法。 ? In 1958, there was a strike participated in by five thousand workers. ? 1958年，五千個(gè)工人參加了一次罷工。 It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession． 人總是在面臨考驗(yàn)關(guān)頭，才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的專長(zhǎng)。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest． 我從來(lái)也沒想到她這么不老實(shí)。 My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness. ? （ 2）英語(yǔ)中用非人稱代詞 it作主語(yǔ)，這往往使句子顯出物稱傾向；漢語(yǔ)中沒有這類用法的非人稱代詞，因而常用人稱，或省略人稱，或采用無(wú)主句。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 恕我孤陋寡聞，對(duì)此關(guān)系一無(wú)所知。 ? The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. ? 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點(diǎn)腳步聲也沒有。 漢語(yǔ)的“有靈動(dòng)詞”只與人稱搭配。 英語(yǔ)用非人稱作主語(yǔ)的句子大體可以分為兩類： ? （ 1）“無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)” +―有靈動(dòng)詞” ? 英語(yǔ)中這類非人稱主語(yǔ)采用“無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)” (inanimate subject)表示抽象概念、心理感覺、事物名稱或時(shí)間地點(diǎn)等，但謂語(yǔ)常常使用“有靈 動(dòng)詞” (animate verb)表示人或社會(huì)團(tuán)體的動(dòng)作 或行為等。 5） A great elation overcame them. 他們欣喜若狂。 3） A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她獨(dú)處時(shí)便感到一種特殊的安寧。用非人稱主語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)，往往注重“什么事發(fā)生在什么人身上”，而漢語(yǔ)則較常用人稱主語(yǔ)表達(dá)，往往注重“什么人怎么樣了”。 1. 英語(yǔ)常用非人稱主語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)常用人稱主語(yǔ) ? 英語(yǔ)較常用物稱表達(dá)法，即不用人稱來(lái)敘述，而讓事物以客觀的口氣呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。 ? 2. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? ? 你能回答一個(gè)使我弄不懂而又想問(wèn)你的問(wèn)題嗎？ ? (，想請(qǐng)教你，你能回答嗎？） 4）漢譯英技巧 ? 化簡(jiǎn)為繁，組合成復(fù)合句或長(zhǎng)句 ? . ? 由于距離遠(yuǎn)，又缺乏交通工具，農(nóng)村社會(huì)與外界隔絕，而這種隔絕，又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴(yán)重。 3. 英譯漢技巧 ? 破句重組，化繁為簡(jiǎn) ? Illustrative examples: ? 1. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. ? 門口放著至少有十二把五顏六色、大小不一的雨傘。 四 ) Complex vs Simplex ? English sentencebuilding is characterized by an architecture style (樓房建筑法 ) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese, a chronicle style (流水記事法 ) with frequent use of shorter or posite structures. In a word, English sentences are often plex while Chinese sentences are often simple. 1. Complex ? Subordination, the placing of certain elements in modifying roles, i