【正文】 rent from soup can be roughly divided into four categories of clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold , the third dish is fish dish, also known as side dish, which including many kinds of fish, shellfish and fish is easy to digest, it is served in front of meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main most representative is beef and dishes, called salad in western, can be arranged either after or with the meat dish, so it can be a kind of side six dish is dessert, which including all the food after the main course in a sense, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so final is beverage that often includes coffee with cream or tea with Tableware Of course, the main difference on the dinner table between East and West is the different , which have a long history, are the most important tableware in tradition of using chopsticks as tableware was introduced to many other countries in the invention of chopsticks reflects the wisdom of Chinese ancient pair of chopsticks, though they look simple, can nip, pick, rip and stir having a meal, chopsticks should be put tidily on the right of the finishing a meal, they should be put vertically on the midline of the is mainly used to drink soup or take quite small not get too full when using the spoon to get food, lest overflow make the table and clothes is mainly used to fill the food, according the amount and shape of food it plate that slight small should be put on the left of bowl to temporarily put food taken from the public wastes and bone should be put in the front of the small plate with chopsticks instead of directly spitting into speaking, people do not use much tablewares when having meals in people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and example, there are different kinds of glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high use of tableware also shows different food culture in different main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and start with, the fork is on the left side of the plate and the knife is on the right knife which used to cut food into small pieces should be hold in the right fork and spoon can be placed either on the left or right hand of the table with the plate in the middle, depending on the person39。第三篇：中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF TABLE MANNERS BETWEEN EAST AND WESTAbstract and Key WordsAbstract: Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while cultures observe different rules for table article has some contrastive analysis and research on the cultural differences of table manners between East and West from the point of view on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and is concluded that with the wide spreading of intercultural munication people in East and West are deeply transformed，permeated and accepted to one e to respect and tolerate different table manners, thus are even assimilative and syncretize with each words: table manners。而西方人強(qiáng)調(diào)效率和實(shí)用主義價(jià)值觀，在交際中十分注重自身面子的需要。音量保持對(duì)方能聽見的程度。這種“鬧” 能從某種程度上折射中國(guó)人家庭溫馨、鄰里和睦、國(guó)人團(tuán)結(jié)的“一團(tuán)和氣”。坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸長(zhǎng)。對(duì)門為上，兩邊為偏座。在使用刀 叉時(shí)也有一些禁忌。到 18 世紀(jì)才有了四個(gè)叉尖的叉子。筆者從如下四個(gè)方面對(duì)中西餐桌禮儀進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單 的比較，以便在跨文化交際中能恰當(dāng)?shù)?、得體地進(jìn)行交際。但是，這種差異似乎在隨著科學(xué)的發(fā)展和世界的交流而變得模糊。中國(guó)人熱情好客，請(qǐng)客吃飯時(shí)一般都要菜肴滿桌，但無論菜多么豐盛，嘴上總要謙虛的說:“沒什么好吃的，菜做的不好，隨便吃點(diǎn)。西方人平等意識(shí)較強(qiáng)、家庭結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。中西都講究正式的宴請(qǐng)活動(dòng)的坐次安排。中國(guó)人平日好靜, 一坐上餐桌, 便滔滔不絕, 相互讓菜, 勸酒。全球化態(tài)勢(shì)下的跨文化交際使得多樣的飲食文化不斷的互補(bǔ)與兼容。西方流行的自助餐形式更是各吃各的, 缺少中國(guó)人聊歡共樂的情調(diào)。翻開中國(guó)的菜譜, 常常發(fā)現(xiàn)原料的準(zhǔn)備量、調(diào)料的添加量都是模糊的概念。盡管中國(guó)人講究食療、食養(yǎng), 重視以飲食來養(yǎng)生滋補(bǔ), 但我們的烹調(diào)卻以追求美味為第一要求, 致使許多營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分損失破壞, 因此營(yíng)養(yǎng)問題也許是中國(guó)飲食的最大弱點(diǎn)。西方飲食是一種理性觀念, 不論食物的色、香、味、形如何, 營(yíng)養(yǎng)一定要得到保證, 西方烹調(diào)講究營(yíng)養(yǎng)而忽視味道。由于地區(qū)差異, 不同的民族、國(guó)家形成了不同的文化。每次送到嘴里的食物別太多，在咀嚼時(shí)不要說話。進(jìn)餐中途需要休息時(shí)，可以放下刀叉并擺成“八”字形狀擺在盤子中央，表示沒吃完，還要繼續(xù)吃。蔬菜類菜肴可以安排在肉類菜肴之后，也可以和肉類菜肴同時(shí)上桌，所以可以算為一道菜，或稱為一種配菜。開胃品的內(nèi)容一般有冷頭盤和熱頭盤之分。為此，盡可能貯存不同品種的茶，以便照顧到客人不同的品茶需要。當(dāng)你用筷子去取一塊食物時(shí)，應(yīng)盡量避免碰到其他食物。中式菜肴大多數(shù)不會(huì)只有一種材料，通常有其他伴菜或配料襯托主菜，以做出色香味俱全的菜肴，例如烹煮豬肉，會(huì)以爽脆的綠色蔬菜做伴菜，如芹菜或青椒，襯托粉紅色的豬肉。中西餐餐桌文化的交流，使得餐桌禮儀更加科學(xué)合理。古有“民以食為天”、“豐衣足食”之說，今有“人是鐵，飯是鋼，一頓不吃餓得慌”的俗語。而中國(guó)人熱鬧，大多一堆人圍成一桌進(jìn)餐，而且講究排列位次，通常是有主次尊卑之別。由此可見，加拿大人十分重視健康，甚至將禁煙禁酒的規(guī)則搬到了餐桌。現(xiàn)代中國(guó)常用的餐具有：筷子（chopsticks）、勺子（ladle）、盤子（plate）等，它們分別與西方的刀叉（knives and forks）、鐵匙（spoon）及碗（bowl）相對(duì)應(yīng)。西方餐桌禮儀起源于法國(guó)梅羅文加王朝,在20世紀(jì),意大利文化流入法國(guó)。我們的祖先也曾與現(xiàn)代人一樣，使用刀叉而非筷子。它們的使用，亦有講究。而在中國(guó)則沒有這樣的特殊禮儀。在中國(guó)的宴席中，必須要所有人都到齊了，才能開始進(jìn)餐。人們把飲食文化作為生活的重要部分，常以飲食的好壞來衡量生活水平的高低。在中國(guó)，圓形餐桌頗受歡迎。一頓飯不會(huì)只有一款菜肴，通常同時(shí)端上兩款、甚至四款菜肴，且每款菜肴都要色香味俱全，端上次序則以菜肴的搭配為大前題，通常同類的菜肴會(huì)同時(shí)端上，不會(huì)前后分別端上，總之整頓飯都要講求協(xié)調(diào)的搭配。吃完飯或取完食物后，要將筷子放回筷子座。有關(guān)茶的問題，應(yīng)該注意一些事宜。味道以咸和酸為主，數(shù)量少，質(zhì)量較高。蔬菜類菜肴在西餐中稱為沙拉。每吃完一道菜，將刀叉并排放在盤中，表示已經(jīng)吃完了，可以將這道菜或盤子拿走。就餐時(shí)不可以狼吞虎咽。飲食文化及餐桌禮儀也是跨文化交際中非語言文化的重要組成部分。他們拒絕使用味精,認(rèn)為其是既不營(yíng)養(yǎng)又有副作用的化學(xué)產(chǎn)品。西方人強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)與營(yíng)養(yǎng), 因此烹調(diào)的全過程都嚴(yán)格按照科學(xué)規(guī)范行事。而且中國(guó)烹調(diào)中, 不僅講究各大菜系要有各自的風(fēng)味與特色, 即使是同一菜系的同一個(gè)菜, 所用的配菜與各種調(diào)料的匹配, 也會(huì)依廚師的個(gè)人愛好特點(diǎn)有變化。“和”與“合”為最美妙的境界, 音樂上講究“和樂”、“唱和”, 醫(yī)學(xué)上主張“身和”、“氣和”, 希望國(guó)家政治實(shí)現(xiàn)“政通人和”。今天, 享受東西方各具特色的飲食已成為當(dāng)代人日常生活中司空見慣的事情。中國(guó)人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜反映出了中西飲食文化上的根本差異。中國(guó)人傳統(tǒng)上用八仙桌。而中國(guó)人等級(jí)觀念較強(qiáng), 庭結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜, 傳統(tǒng)的幸福家庭多為四代同堂等?！比欢?，當(dāng)英美人聽到這樣的客套話，會(huì)覺得很反感：“沒什么吃的，又何必請(qǐng)我？菜做得不好，又為什么要拿來招待我？”按照中國(guó)的習(xí)俗，為了表示禮貌，習(xí)慣上會(huì)一再勸客人多吃點(diǎn)，而中國(guó)人往往是“言不由衷”，明明肚子餓，嘴上卻說：“我飽了，不用了。中西方餐桌文化相互影響，相互結(jié)合，使兩者更趨于完善、科學(xué)。一、從餐具使用上看中西文化差異筷子刀叉是中西餐桌禮儀最基本差異。刀叉和筷子，不僅帶來了進(jìn)食習(xí)慣的差異，還影響了東西方人 生活觀念。如 手里拿著刀叉時(shí)切勿指手畫腳。請(qǐng)客時(shí)，年長(zhǎng)者、主賓或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按順序坐偏 座。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持約一個(gè)拳頭的距離。西方人一坐到餐桌 上便專心致志的去靜靜的切割自家的盤中餐。咀嚼食物不要說話，即使有人同你講話，也要等咽下食物后 再回答。如在宴席上西方人 不議論令人作嘔之事，會(huì)千方百計(jì)采用含蓄文雅的詞來替代 toilet，如： “Where can I wash my hand?”“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”“ Can I add some powder？”等。cultural differences。s preference on using the general, the spoon is usually for using the spoon, start from the one closest to the bowl which closest to you and ladle out soup then sip from the no soup is being served then it39。s most primitive raw materials of emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on cut down and eat meat as s