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ts. grew in a relatively uncoordinated, piecemeal fashion. ? HR/Personnel lacked an integrative, proactive, and, above all, strategic orientation. 7 Figure Traditional and Strategic Views of HRM (a) PersonnelThe Traditional View 8 Characteristics of Current Approach 1) The systematic integration of separate HRM functions 2) Human resources are now viewed from a general management perspective rather from the perspective of a functional area and management now shares responsibility for HR. 3) The inclusion of HR considerations in decisions affecting corporate strategies and structures. 4) Strategic management and strategic human resource management integrate the separate HRM functions. 9 Figure Traditional and Strategic Views of HRM (b) HRM The Strategic View 10 Table Theoretical Perspectives on SHRM 11 Competitive Advantage Through Human Resources Basic thesis: Effective utilization of HR can assist organizations in achieving petitive advantage. Competitive advantage: a. Refers to the ability of an organization to formulate strategies to exploit profitable opportunities (., maximizing its return on investment). b. Perceived customer value can create petitive advantage.