【正文】
塊對整個加工生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)有一個完整的描述。如果沒有這一步,人們還以 B為約束控制系統(tǒng)運行,影響了進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)。如: 20 資源 A成為約束,原來的約束 B已經(jīng)被打破了。或者,把貢獻(xiàn)最低的產(chǎn)品放到最后安排,如上面對 Q的處理。 Step 4 提升系統(tǒng)的約束。 Step 3 使其他的工作服從于開發(fā)系統(tǒng)約束的決定。如: 產(chǎn)品 P Q 銷售價格(元 /件) 90 100 材料成本(元) 45 40 貢獻(xiàn)(元) 45 60 時間(資源 B, 分鐘) 15 30 貢獻(xiàn) (元 /分鐘 ) 3 2 19 所以,在生產(chǎn) QV之前應(yīng)盡可能多地生產(chǎn) P( 即 100件)。 TOC是建立在系統(tǒng)的績效是由資源約束決定的,因此 TOC主要是使資源約束對目標(biāo)貢獻(xiàn)最大化。如果要滿足 P、 Q的每周需求量, B需要另外 25%的能力。 資源 每周工作時間(分鐘) 加工負(fù)荷 /周 可用時間 /周 負(fù)荷率 /周 P Q A 1500 500 2023 2400 83 B 1500 1300 3000 2400 125 C 1500 250 1750 2400 73 D 1000 250 1250 2400 52 17 P 100件 /周 ¥ 90/件 Q 50件 /周 ¥ 100/件 D 10分鐘 /件 B 15分鐘 /件 C 5分鐘 /件 D 5分鐘 /件 A 15分鐘 /件 C 10分鐘 /件 A 10分鐘 /件 B 15分鐘 /件 外購件 ¥ 5/件 RM1 ¥ 20/件 RM2 ¥ 20/件 RM3 ¥ 20/件 18 應(yīng)用 OPT各步驟示例 Step 1 辨別系統(tǒng)的約束。需要 3種原材料,原材料的成本及加工路線見下表。 售價分別為 P:¥ 90/件, Q:¥ 100/件。s Not Luck and Critical Chain. 5 The Theory of Constraints ? TOC recognizes that the output of any system that consists of multiple steps where the output of one step depends on the output of one or more previous steps will be limited (or constrained) by the least productive steps. ? In other words, as paraphrased in The Goal, the strength of any chain is dependant upon its weakest link. 6 The Theory of Constraints ? Where manufacturing is concerned, TOC postulates that the goal is to make (more) money. It describes three avenues to this goal: ? Increase Throughput ? Reduce Inventory ? Reduce Operating Expense ? As Dr. Goldratt notes, the opportunities to make more money through reductions in inventory and operating expense are limited by zero. ? The opportunities to make more money by increasing Throughput, on the other hand, are unlimited. 7 The Theory of Constraints ? Where manufacturing is concerned, TOC postulates that the goal is to make (more) money. It describes three avenues to this goal: ? Increase Throughput ? Reduce Inventory ? Reduce Operating Expense ? As Dr. Goldratt notes, the opportunities to make more money through reductions in inventory and operating expense are limited by zero. ? The opportunities to make more money by increasing Throughput, on the other hand, are unlimited. 8 瓶頸管理的學(xué)習(xí)框架 9 瓶頸管理的實用方法 計劃與控制 ? TOC認(rèn)為:一個企業(yè)計劃與控制的目標(biāo)就是尋求顧客需求與企業(yè)能力的最佳配合,對瓶頸環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行有效的控制,其余環(huán)節(jié)與瓶頸環(huán)節(jié)同步 ? TOC的計劃與控制是通過 DBR系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)的 ? 鼓 (Dr