【導(dǎo)讀】1．自變量——可操縱，選擇（男女，被試年齡。。。3．干擾變量也包括刺激變量，被試變量。1．學(xué)習(xí)以后，再現(xiàn)之前，插入學(xué)習(xí)材料的多少與原來學(xué)習(xí)材料的遺忘情況之間的關(guān)系。2．對外語單詞每次記多少個（自變量）比較合適，測驗做對的題數(shù)（因變量）。6．培養(yǎng)自學(xué)能力，提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。比較不同的機型。一老是用計算機輔助口算數(shù)學(xué)。一節(jié)課后測驗，發(fā)現(xiàn)用計算機的學(xué)生的成績高于不用計算。自己的目的，原實驗有何矛盾，問題。任務(wù)一與任務(wù)二只差一個要研究的環(huán)節(jié)，兩反應(yīng)時相減得到的結(jié)果即要研究的環(huán)節(jié)的反應(yīng)時。全部長時次數(shù)的百分之幾。反映物理量與心理量之間的關(guān)系。比例作相應(yīng)增加。2．?dāng)?shù)量估計法。通過一定物質(zhì)或能量形式而存在的。

　　

【正文】 s shall bring in lengthening line, Sacrifices to his shrine. Tao when nursed within one39。s self, His vigour will make true。 And where the family it rules What riches will accrue! The neighbourhood where it prevails In thriving will abound。 And when 39。tis seen throughout the state, Good fortune will be found. Employ it the kingdom o39。er, And men thrive all around. In this way the effect will be seen in the person, by the observation of different cases。 in the family。 in the neighbourhood。 in the state。 and in the kingdom. How do I know that this effect is sure to hold thus all under the sky? By this (method of observation). 55 He who has in himself abundantly the attributes (of the Tao) is like an infant. Poisonous insects will not sting him。 fierce beasts will not seize him。 birds of prey will not strike him. (The infant39。s) bones are weak and its sinews soft, but yet its grasp is firm. It knows not yet the union of male and female, and yet its virile member may be excited。showing the perfection of its physical essence. All day long it will cry without its throat being hoarse。showing the harmony (in its constitution). To him by whom this harmony is known, (The secret of) the unchanging (Tao) is shown, And in the knowledge wisdom finds its throne. All lifeincreasing arts to evil turn。 Where the mind makes the vital breath to burn, (False) is the strength, (and o39。er it we should mourn.) When things have bee strong, they (then) bee old, which may be said to be contrary to the Tao. Whatever is contrary to the Tao soon ends. 56 He who knows (the Tao) does not (care to) speak (about it)。 he who is (ever ready to) speak about it does not know it. He (who knows it) will keep his mouth shut and close the portals (of his nostrils). He will blunt his sharp points and unravel the plications of things。 he will attemper his brightness, and bring himself into agreement with the obscurity (of others). This is called 39。the Mysterious Agreement.39。 (Such an one) cannot be treated familiarly or distantly。 he is beyond all consideration of profit or injury。 of nobility or meanness:he is the noblest man under heaven. 57 A state may be ruled by (measures of) correction。 weapons of war may be used with crafty dexterity。 (but) the kingdom is made one39。s own (only) by freedom from action and purpose. How do I know that it is so? By these facts:In the kingdom the multiplication of prohibitive enactments increases the poverty of the people。 the more implements to add to their profit that the people have, the greater disorder is there in the state and clan。 the more acts of crafty dexterity that men possess, the more do strange contrivances appear。 the more display there is of legislation, the more thieves and robbers there are. Therefore a sage has said, 39。I will do nothing (of purpose), and the people will be transformed of themselves。 I will be fond of keeping still, and the people will of themselves bee correct. I will take no trouble about it, and the people will of themselves bee rich。 I will manifest no ambition, and the people will of themselves attain to the primitive simplicity.39。 58 The government that seems the most unwise, Oft goodness to the people best supplies。 That which is meddling, touching everything, Will work but ill, and disappointment bring. Misery!happiness is to be found by its side! Happiness!misery lurks beneath it! Who knows what either will e to in the end? Shall we then dispense with correction? The (method of) correction shall by a turn bee distortion, and the good in it shall by a turn bee evil. The delusion of the people (on this point) has indeed subsisted for a long time. Therefore the sage is (like) a square which cuts no one (with its angles)。 (like) a corner which injures no one (with its sharpness). He is straightforward, but allows himself no license。 he is bright, but does not dazzle. 59 For regulating the human (in our constitution) and rendering the (proper) service to the heavenly, there is nothing like moderation. It is only by this moderation that there is effected an early return (to man39。s normal state). That early return is what I call the repeated accumulation of the attributes (of the Tao). With that repeated accumulation of those attributes, there es the subjugation (of every obstacle to such return). Of this subjugation we know not what shall be the limit。 and when one knows not what the limit shall be, he may be the ruler of a state. He who possesses the mother of the state may continue long. His case is like that (of the plant) of which we say that its roots are deep and its flower stalks firm:this is the way to secure that its enduring life shall long be seen. 60 Governing a great state is like cooking small fish. Let the kingdom be governed according to the Tao, and the manes of the departed will not manifest their spiritual energy. It is not that those manes have not that spiritual energy, but it will not be employed to hurt men. It is not that it could not hurt men, but neither does the ruling sage hurt them. When these two do not injuriously affect each other, their good influences converge in the virtue (of the Tao). 61 What makes a great state is its being (like) a lowlying, down flowing (stream)。it bees the centre to which tend (all the small states) under heaven. (To illustrate from) the case of all females:the female always overes the male by her stillness. Stillness may be considered (a sort of) abasement. Thus it is that a great state, by condescending to small states, gains the m for itself。 and that small states, by abasing themselves to a great state, win it over to