【正文】 I will be fond of keeping still, and the people will of themselves bee correct. I will take no trouble about it, and the people will of themselves bee rich。showing the harmony (in its constitution). To him by whom this harmony is known, (The secret of) the unchanging (Tao) is shown, And in the knowledge wisdom finds its throne. All lifeincreasing arts to evil turn。s) skilful planter plants Can never be uptorn。 he who devotes himself to the Tao (seeks) from day to day to diminish (his doing). He diminishes it and again diminishes it, till he arrives at doing nothing (on purpose). Having arrived at this point of nonaction, there is nothing which he does not do. He who gets as his own all under heaven does so by giving himself no trouble (with that end). If one take trouble (with that end), he is not equal to getting as his own all under heaven. 49 The sage has no invariable mind of his own。 Two produced Three。 Is not this an acknowledgment that in their considering themselves mean they see the foundation of their dignity? So it is that in the enumeration of the different parts of a carriage we do not e on what makes it answer the ends of a carriage. They do not wish to show themselves elegantlooking as jade, but (prefer) to be coarselooking as an (ordinary) stone. 40 The movement of the Tao By contraries proceeds。 swift apprehension is (only) a flower of the Tao, and is the beginning of stupidity. Thus it is that the Great man abides by what is solid, and eschews what is flimsy。 2． Kellog的實(shí)驗(yàn)，要求被試在下一次假設(shè)提出時(shí)，回憶上一次假設(shè)，刺激。 根據(jù)目的性：分 ： 1．上升性思維 （從個(gè)別時(shí)間中找普遍規(guī)律） 2．求解思維 3．決策性思維 動物有否思維看對思維的定義的嚴(yán)格程度（對概括水平的要求） amp。 —— “ 傳輸適當(dāng)認(rèn)知程序 ” 。 ” “ 動物。 一．膚覺 1．觸覺 毛發(fā)觸覺計(jì) 被動觸覺的閾限 舌尖 2；指尖 3；指背；前臂腹側(cè) 8；手背 12；小腿 16；腹 26；前臂背側(cè) 33；腰 48；足撐后部250 2．皮膚語言 3．溫度覺 二．味覺 做味覺實(shí)驗(yàn)： 1．慢飲法 2．滴下法 三．嗅覺 1．沖淡法 2．套管式嗅覺計(jì)（書上錯(cuò)） 3．壓力嗅覺計(jì) 4．噴射式嗅覺計(jì) 5．流速嗅覺計(jì) 第六章 知覺與注意 注意：本章節(jié)主要是認(rèn)知心理學(xué)內(nèi)容，考試不會涉及，還是以教科書為主。U U 相當(dāng)于平時(shí)用到的 Z amp。 函數(shù)關(guān)系 稱名量表－學(xué)號 順序量表－第一名，第二名 一．順序量表 —— eg高高質(zhì)量的比較 ) 反映物理量與心理量之間的關(guān)系。 從前的實(shí)驗(yàn)。華南師大實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)筆記 用書：《基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)》－甘肅人民出版社 第一章 緒論 amp。引用的話。但 畫不出圖 1．等級排列法（同時(shí)呈現(xiàn)刺激） 理論上不能加減求平均。 一．信息論的基本概念 1．信息 通過一定物質(zhì)或能量形式而存 在的。 amp。句 (1)—— RT 長 (2)—— RT短。 呈現(xiàn)給被試各種組合（符合與不符合），告之是否符合語法。 4．條件推理 “if?then?” 給出推理，讓被試判斷是否永遠(yuǎn)正確，是否有時(shí)正確，是否永不正確。 （ 2） 問題分解模式 2． Greeno 問題分類 （ 1） 歸納結(jié)構(gòu)問題 eg:狼，狗＝虎？ 找出相同點(diǎn)，不同點(diǎn)， →“ 比較 ” 過程。 Spirits with powers by it supplied。 that existence sprang from It as nonexistent (and not named). 41 Scholars of the highest class, when they hear about the Tao, earnestly carry it into practice. Scholars of the middle class, when they have heard about it, seem now to keep it and now to lose it. Scholars of the lowest class, when they have heard about it, laugh greatly at it. If it were not (thus) laughed at, it would not be fit to be the Tao. Therefore the sentencemakers have thus expressed themselves: 39。 that which has no (substantial) existence enters where there is no crevice. I know hereby what advantage belongs to doing nothing (with a purpose). There are few in the world who attain to the teaching without words, and the advantage arising from nonaction. 44 Or fame or life, Which do you hold more dear? Or life or wealth, To which would you adhere? Keep life and lose those other things。and thus (all) get to be good. To those who are sincere (with me), I am sincere。s self, His vigour will make true。 he who is (ever ready to) speak about it does not know it. He (who knows it) will keep his mouth shut and close the portals (of his nostrils). He will blunt his sharp points and unravel the plications of things。 That which is meddling, touching everything, Will work but ill, and disappointment bring. Misery!happiness is to be found by its side! Happiness!misery lurks beneath it! Who knows what either will e to in the end? Shall we then dispense with correction? The (method of) correction shall by a turn bee distortion, and the good in it shall by a turn bee evil. The delusion of the people (on this point) has indeed subsisted for a long time. Therefore the sage is (like) a square which cuts no one (with its angles)。 I will manifest no ambition, and the people will of themselves attain to the primitive simplicity.39。 Where the mind makes the vital breath to burn, (False) is the strength, (and o39。 What his skilful arms enfold, From him can ne39。 he makes the mind of the people his mind. To those who are good (to me), I am good。 Three produced All things. All things leave behind them the Obscurity (out of which they have e), and go forward to embrace the Brightness (into which they have emerged), while they are harmonised by the Breath of Vacancy. What men dislike is to be orphans, to have little virtue, to be as carriages without naves。 And weakness marks the course Of Tao39。 dwells with the fruit and not with the flower. It is thus that he puts away the one and makes choice of the other. 39 The things which from of old have got the One (the Tao) are Heaven which by it is bright and pure。結(jié)果，假設(shè)的回憶最差，說明假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)說有漏洞 Reber(人工語法 ) Kellog: 50道乘法（心算） → 分散注意 30張臉譜 → 測試 測臉譜 60張： 30張舊， 30張新 結(jié)果不錯(cuò) 用內(nèi)隱學(xué)習(xí)來解釋 樣例學(xué)習(xí)說 概念形成中，記住一具體的例子（自然概念） Rosch提出 amp。 一．形式邏輯推理 1．具體性作用：把 S→ 狗 把 P→ 貓 2．氣象效應(yīng)。 既：自覺記憶 —— 對概念驅(qū)動測驗(yàn)?zāi)茌^好地傳輸信息 不自覺記憶 —— 對材料驅(qū)動測驗(yàn)?zāi)? （ 1）（學(xué)習(xí)）加工與提取有好地一致性保證了記憶效果好 （ 2）提取過程不同，獲蓋也不同 （ 3）自覺記憶要求概念驅(qū)動過程。 ” 三個(gè)句子反應(yīng)時(shí)相同，與理論會不符合 三．語義記憶得特征比較理論 （ Smith,shoben,Rips 提出） 定義性特征 最關(guān)鍵得特征 描述性特征 不太關(guān)鍵的特征 eg: 鳥 麻雀 定義性：有翅膀，有羽毛，有生命 有翅膀，有羽毛，有生命 ，灰褐色 描述行：會飛（抽象的概念描述行特征較少）會飛，體積小，有窩 提取時(shí)，與概念的所有描述性特征比較，符合多的既 “ 是 ” ，符合少既 “ 不是 ” ，不多不少，則比較 “ 定義性特征 ” 。兩分法 2．音高和強(qiáng)度的關(guān)系（ P185） 對低音，強(qiáng)度 ↑ ，音高 ↓