【正文】 1 . 522 . 533 . 544 . 51 9 7 5 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 5 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0J a p a nF r a n c eU n i t e d K i n g d o mG e r m a n yC a n a d aU n i t e d S t a t e s174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 62 Gasoline Price and Use, Western Industrial Countries, 1994 R2 = 0 . 7 7 0 400 . 20 . 40 . 60 . 811 . 21 . 40 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800Li t e r s pe r pe r s onDollars per literU n i t e d S t a t e sP o r t u g a lC a n a d aA u s t r a l i aJ a p a n174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 63 Gas Consumption Tax in the United States, 1999 (in $ per mile per gallon per vehicle) 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 8 0 0 0Mo r e t h a n 2 2 . 5B e t w e e n 2 2 . 5 a n d 2 1 . 5B e t w e e n 2 1 . 5 a n d 2 0 . 5B e t w e e n 2 0 . 5 a n d 1 9 . 5B e t w e e n 1 9 . 5 a n d 1 8 . 5B e t w e e n 1 8 . 5 a n d 1 7 . 5B e t w e e n 1 7 . 5 a n d 1 6 . 5B e t w e e n 1 6 . 5 a n d 1 5 . 5B e t w e e n 1 5 . 5 a n d 1 4 . 5B e t w e e n 1 5 . 5 a n d 1 3 . 5B e t w e e n 1 3 . 5 a n d 1 2 . 5L e s s t h a n 1 2 . 5174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 Concept 3 Transportation Pollutants and Environmental Externalities 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 65 Contribution of Transportation in the Emission of Major Air Pollutants in Selected Countries, 1980 (%) 0 20 40 60 80 1 0 0C a n a d aU n i t e d S t a t e sA u s t r a l i aF r a n c eG e r m a n yI t a l yS w e d e nU n i t e d K i n g d o mHCCON O xP a r t i c u l a t e sS O x174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 66 Emissions of Major Air Pollutants in the US by Transportation (in million short tons), 19701998 0 25 50 75 1 0 0 1 2 5 1 5 0 1 7 5C a r b o n m o n o x i d eS u l p h u r o x i d e sV O CP a r t i c u l a t e s ( P M 1 0 )N i t r o g e n o x i d e sL e a d1 9 9 81 9 9 01 9 8 01 9 7 0( i n t ho us a nd m e t r i c t on s )174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 67 Distance Driven and Carbon Emissions, . Automobile Fleet, 19702022 0501 0 01 5 02 0 02503 0 03501970197219741976197819801982198419861988199019921994199619982000Million metric tons00 . 511 . 522 . 533 . 54Trillion KMC a r b o n E m i s s i o n sD i s t a n c e D r i v e n174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 68 120 100 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 110 Desert 10 Broadcasting studio Quiet room Busy street through closed windows Busy street through open windows Noise level near a motorway Busy crossroads Lorry, motorcycle, underground train Pneumatic drill at 1 meter Aircraft at take off dB (A) Noise Levels (in decibels) 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 69 Hazmat Accidents in the United States, 19752022 01 0 , 0 0 02 0 , 0 0 03 0 , 0 0 04 0 , 0 0 05 0 , 0 0 06 0 , 0 0 01975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2022T o t a l A c c i d e n t sP r o p e r t y D a m a g e ( 1 , 0 0 0 s o f $ )174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 Concept 4 Transportation, Land Use and the Environment 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 71 Land Area Consumed by the Car in Selected Countries 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 8U n i t e d S t a t e sC a n a d aM e x i c oJ a p a nF r a n c eG e r m a n yU n i t e d K i n g d o mS w e d e nT o t a l l a n d u s e d b y t h e c a r p e r c a p i t a% o f t o t a l l a n d a r e a u s e d b y t h e c a r174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 72 Current and Potential Car Fleet in India and China 8135 1 36400 100 200 300 400 500 600 700I n d i aC h i n a百萬V e h i c l e F l e e t S i z e f o r I n d u s t r i a l i z e d V e h i c l e O w n e r s h i p L e v e lC u r r e n t S i z e o f V e h i c l e F l e e t ( 1 9 9 9 )174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 73 Form Pattern Interactions Spatial Form, Pattern and Interaction and the Environmental Impacts of Transportation 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 74 Transportation Energy Use per Capita in Selected Cities, 1990 (in MJ) 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運(yùn)輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學(xué) 75 80 40 20 60 20 60 300 40 80 100 Los Angeles Sydney London Singapore United States Australia and Canada Europe Asia Hong Kong Chicago Houston Phoenix Detroit Denver Adelaide Melbourne Toronto New York Vienna Paris Berlin Tokyo Energy consumption per capita (1,000 millions of joules) Population density (people per hectare) Energy Consumption and Density in Major Metropolitan Areas