【文章內容簡介】 Sources of Energy Chemical ? Fossil fuels (Combustion) Nuclear ? Uranium (Fission of atoms) Energy NonRenewable Renewable Chemical ? Muscular (Oxidization) Nuclear ? Geothermal (Conversion) ? Fusion (Fusion of hydrogen) Gravity ? Tidal, hydraulic (Kiic) Indirect Solar ? Biomass (Photosynthesis) ? Wind (Pressure differences) Direct Solar ? Photovoltaic cell (Conversion) 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 35 Energy Content of some Combustibles (in MJ/kg) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140H y d r o g e nG a s o l i n eN a t u r a l G a sM e t h a n eM e t h a n o lE t h a n o lK e r o s e n eC r u d e O i lC o a lW o o d174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 36 Power Generated by Steam Machines, Europe, 18401888 010002022300040005000600070001840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1888Thousands of horse powerR e s t o f E u r o p eR u s s i aA u s t r i aG e r m a n yF r a n c eG r e a t B r i t a i n174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 37 Evolution of Energy Sources 0% 2 0 % 4 0 % 6 0 % 8 0 % 1 0 0 %1 5 t h C e n t u r yM i d 1 9 t hC e n t u r yE a r l y 2 0 t hC e n t u r yL a t e 2 0 t hC e n t u r yM i d 2 1 s tC e n t u r yA n i m a lB i o m a s sC o a lO i lN a t u r a l G a sN u c l e a rH y d r o g e n174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 38 Global Energy Systems Transition, (% of market) 2022 1850 2150 2050 2100 1950 1900 100 80 60 40 20 0 Solids Liquids Gases Wood Coal Oil Natural Gas Hydrogen 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 39 World Fossil Fuel Consumption per Source, 19501998 (in million of tons of equivalent oil) 0100020223000400050006000700080001950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998N a t u r a l G a sO i lC o a l174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 40 World Energy Consumption, 19902020 1 0 01 2 01 4 01 6 01 8 02 0 02202402602803 0 01 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 5 2 0 2 0Quadrillion BtuD e v e l o p e dC o u n t r i e sD e v e l o p i n gC o u n t r i e s174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 41 Energy Consumption in the Transportation Sector, G7 Countries, 1995 01020304050607080901 0 0CanadaFranceGermanyItalyJapanUKUSAExajoulesT r a n s p o r t a t i o nC o n s u m p t i o nO t h e r E n e r g yC o n s u m p t i o n174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 42 Energy Consumed by the Transportation Sector, United States, 19491999 (in billions of BTUs) 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 01 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 01 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 02 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 02 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 03 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 019491952195519581961196419671970197319761979198219851988199119941997P e t r o l e u m C o n s u m e d b y t h e T r a n s p o r a t i o n S e c t o rT o t a l E n e r g y C o n s u m e d b y t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t o r174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 43 Energy Flows, United States 1999 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 44 .1 1 10 .01 .002 10 30 100 300 1000 Speed (m/sec) Tanker Oil Pipeline Truck Cargo plane Bicycle Bus Train Car Helicopter Propeller plane Jet plane Supersonic plane Train Freight Passengers Energy costs Container ship Gas pipeline Energy Efficiency by Transportation Mode 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 45 Energy Used by the Transportation System 66%4%1%7%5%17 %V e h i c l e o p e r a t i o nV e h i c l e m a i n t e n a n c eV e h i c l e m a n u f a c t u r eI n f r a s t r u c t u r ep r o v i s i o nR a w m a t e r i a lm a n u f a c t u r eE n e r g y g e n e r a t i o n174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 46 Factors of Fuel Use by Transportation Technology Vehicle efficiency Type of fuel Economics Prices and ines Infrastructure provision and Levels of service Urban Form Density and distribution Fuel Use 174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 47 Typical Energy Use for a Car 1 2 %32%29%1 3 %6%8% M o m e n t u mE x h a u s tC y l i n d e r c o o l i n gE n g i n e f r i c t i o nT r a n s m i s s i o n a n da x l e sB r a k i n g174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性 北京交通大學 48 World Oil Energy Consumption by Sector, 19732022 26 .220 .142 .257 .76. 45. 925 .216 .30% 2 0 % 4 0 % 6 0 % 8 0 % 1 0 0 %1 9 7 32 0 0 0I n d u s t r yT r a n s p o r tN o n e n e r g yO t h e r s e c t o r s174。copyright BJTU 第十三章 運輸業(yè)的外部性