【正文】 ement the other three functions with visual images, music, etc. ? In this diagram, the reference work is the text variety which is the most fully informative text type。 the poem is a highly expressive, formbased type, and an advertisement is the clearest operative text type (attempting to persuade someone to buy or do something). Between these poles are positioned a host of hybrid of types. She suggests “specific translation methods according to text type” as follows: ? The TT of an informative text should transmit the full referential or conceptual content of the ST. the translation should be in ?plain prose?, without redundancy and with the use of explicitation when required. ? The TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST. The translation should use the ?identifying? method, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author. ? The TT of an operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver. The translation should employ the ?adaptive? method, creating an equivalent effect among TT readers. ? Audiomedial texts require the ?supplementary? method, supplementing written words with visual images and music. ? She also lists a series of intralinguistic and extralinguistic instruction criteria by which the adequacy of a TT may be assessed. ?Intralinguistic criteria: semantic, lexical, grammartical, and stylistic features. ?Extralinguistic criteria: situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and ?affective implications? (humor, irony, emotion, etc.) ? Reiss feels that it is more important for a metaphor to be retained in the translation of an expressive text than in an informative TT, where translation of its semantic value alone will be sufficient. ? 4. SKOPOS THEORY (VERMEER) ? Skopos theory focuses above all on the purpose of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. This result is the TT, which Vermeer calls the translatum. Therefore, in skopos theory, knowing why an ST is to be translated and what the function of the TT will be are crucial for the translator. ? The basic underlying rules of this theory are: ? A translatum(or TT) is determined by its skopos. ? A TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL. ? A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way. ? A TT must be internally coherent. ? A TT must be coherent with the ST. ? An advantage of skopos theory is that it allows the possibility of the same text being translated in different ways according to the purpose of the TT and the mission which is given to the translator. ? 5. TRANSLATING AS REWRITING (LEFEVERE) ? Andre lefevere focuses on the examination of ?very concrete factors? that systemically govern the reception, acceptance or rejection of literary texts。 that is, ?issues such as power, ideology, institution and manipulation?. ? Translation is the most obviously recognizable type of rewriting, and …it is potentially the most influential because it is able to project the image of an author and\or those works beyond the boundaries of their culture of origin. ? He thinks three factors controlling translation functions, that is, the professionals within the literary system, patronage outside the literary system and the dominant poetics.