【正文】
的。因此,要形成競爭的市場環(huán)境必須首先有明確的產(chǎn)權(quán)主體。公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)是現(xiàn)代公司解決股東與經(jīng)營者之間委托代理問題的一套制度(林毅夫,1995)。制度,可以看作是一種合約關(guān)系,公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是公司內(nèi)部及外部利益相關(guān)者所建立的一種合約關(guān)系。同市場一樣,這種合約關(guān)系的建立必須有明確的產(chǎn)權(quán)主體。在產(chǎn)權(quán)主體明確的情況下,各主體會(huì)根據(jù)對自己最有利的方式找到自己最合適的位置,從而形成有效的公司治理關(guān)系。2.關(guān)于國有股減持國有股從上市公司中退出,實(shí)現(xiàn)股權(quán)多元化從而提高公司的治理效率是大多數(shù)學(xué)者的主張(鄭紅亮,l998;何浚,1998;邱慈孫,2000等)。但是國有股退出的具體方式,不同學(xué)者主張不同。陳曉悅、徐曉東(2001)認(rèn)為必須將對外部投資者保護(hù)作為改革的前提,否則盲目進(jìn)行國有股減持和民營化并不利于公司治理的優(yōu)化和企業(yè)績效的提高。陳曉、江東(2000)從行業(yè)競爭程度差異這一角度提出改革建議,認(rèn)為國有經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)從一般競爭性領(lǐng)域的上市公司中平穩(wěn)退出,但在基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)和支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)、自然壟斷色彩較濃的公用事業(yè)上市公司中,國有股應(yīng)繼續(xù)保持控股地位。這些政策建議是學(xué)者們以各自對股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)與公司績效關(guān)系的實(shí)證分析為依據(jù)提出的,但正如上文所述,通過回歸分析得出股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)與公司治理效率(公司績效)只有相關(guān)關(guān)系,股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)只是公司治理效率提高的一個(gè)原因。如果據(jù)此得出改變股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)就一定能促使公司治理效率提高的結(jié)論不能令人信服。有人認(rèn)為,國有股的退出和股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)分散化之后可以在一定程度上解決國有股產(chǎn)權(quán)主體缺位問題(何浚,1998)。股東的產(chǎn)權(quán)主體明確了才有可能形成有效的治理結(jié)構(gòu),從而提高公司績效,這一邏輯思路似乎應(yīng)成為國有股退出和減持的主要理論依據(jù)。3.關(guān)于機(jī)構(gòu)投資者的作用在國有股退出和股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化的具體操作上,很多學(xué)者認(rèn)為機(jī)構(gòu)投資者能起到重要作用。機(jī)構(gòu)投資者的培育、法人相互持股是國有上市公司改革的有效途徑(馮根福,l996;鄭紅亮,1998;邱慈孫,2000等),主張競爭性行業(yè)中大中型公司的股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)模式應(yīng)當(dāng)是銀行業(yè)務(wù)上有關(guān)聯(lián)的并相互持股的企業(yè)法人、國家持股公司基金組織、其他企業(yè)法人和社會(huì)公眾等參與持股,且以銀行和業(yè)務(wù)上有關(guān)聯(lián)的企業(yè)法人持股為核心。但我們要看到。如果居于核心地位的企業(yè)法人或銀行的產(chǎn)權(quán)主體仍是國家,那么,國有股產(chǎn)權(quán)主體虛位的問題,并不會(huì)因?yàn)閲泄局g相互持股或由國有銀行持股而改變,這些法人主體在公司治理中所起的積極作用程度就值得懷疑。我們以為,產(chǎn)權(quán)改革是建立有效公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ),這一問題沒有最終解決,僅僅想通過增加企業(yè)法人銀行等機(jī)構(gòu)持股者來建立有效公司治理機(jī)制的做法可能“治標(biāo)不治”。 參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 李愛英:“城市商業(yè)銀行資本金問題探討”,《發(fā)展論壇》2002年第11期。[2] 邱奕佩:“切實(shí)加強(qiáng)城市商業(yè)銀行資本金管理”,《江南論壇》2002年第3期。[3] 辛子波、張日新:“地方政府干預(yù)地方銀行行為分析”,《財(cái)經(jīng)問題研究》2002年第12期。[4] Barro, robert, 1991, Economic growth in a cross section of countries, Quarterly Journal of Economics 56, 407433.[5] Gerschenkron, Alexander, 1962, Economics Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Harvard University Press, Canbridge, MA.[6] La Porta, Rafael, and Florencio LopezdeSilanes, 1999, The benefits of privatization: Evidence from Mexico, Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 11931242.[7] Kornai, Janos, 1979, Resourceconstrained versus demandcounstrained systems, Econometrica 47 ,801819.[8] Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert Vishny, 1994, Politicians and firms, Quarterly Journal of Economics .[9] Barberis, Nicholas, Maxim Boycko, Andrei Shleifer, and Natalia Tsukanova, 1996, How does privatization work ? Evidence from the Russian shops, Journal of Political Economy 104,764790.[10]Barro,Robert,1991,Economic growth in a cross section of countries,Quarterly Journal of Economiscs 56,407443.[11]Barro, Robert and JongWha Lee,1996, International measuers of schooling years and schooling quality ,American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 86, 218223.[12]Barth, James, Gerard Caprio, Jr., and Ross Levine, 1999, Banking systems around the globe: Do regulation and ownership affect performance and stability? Mimeo, World Bank.[13]Beck, Thorsten, Ross Levine, and Norman Loayza, 2000. Finance and the sources of growth, Journal of Financial Economics 58, 261300.[14]Cetorelli, Nicola, and Michele Gambera, 2001, Banking market structure, financial dependence and growth: International evidence from industry data,Journal of Finance56,617648. [15]Djankov, Simeon, Rafaet La Porta, Florencio LopezdeSilanes, and Andrei Shleifer, 2002, The regulation of entry, Quarterly Journal of Economics February, forthing. [16]King, Robert, and Ross Levine, 1993, Finance and growth: Sehumpeter might be right, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, 717738. [18]La Porta, Rafael, Florencio LopezdeSilanes, Andrei Shleifer, 1999, Corporate ownership around the world, .Journal of Finance 54, 47I517.[19]La Porta, Rafael, Florencio LopezdeSilanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny,1997, Legal determinants of external finance, Journal of Finance 52, 11311150.[20]La Porta, Rafael, Florencio LopezdeSilanes, Andrei Shieifer, and Robert W. Vishny, 1998, Law and finance, Journal of Political Economy 106, 11131155.[21]La Porta, Rafael, Florencio LopezdeSilanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny, 1999, The quality of government, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15, 222279.[22]La Porta, Rafael, Florencio LopezdeSilanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny, 2000, Investor protection and corporate governance, Journal of Financial Economics 58, 328.[23]Levine, Ross, 1999, Law, finance, and economic growth, Journal of Financial Intermediation 8, 113136.[24]LopezdeSilanes, Florencio, Andrei Shteifer, and Robert Vishny, 1997, Privatization in the United States, RAND Journal of Economics 28, 447471.[25]Shleifer, Andrei, 1998, State versus private ownership, Journal of Economic Perspectives 12,133150.21 / 22