freepeople性欧美熟妇, 色戒完整版无删减158分钟hd, 无码精品国产vα在线观看DVD, 丰满少妇伦精品无码专区在线观看,艾栗栗与纹身男宾馆3p50分钟,国产AV片在线观看,黑人与美女高潮,18岁女RAPPERDISSSUBS,国产手机在机看影片

正文內(nèi)容

建筑工程英語課后習(xí)題答案-資料下載頁

2025-06-27 21:23本頁面
  

【正文】 e building are sent to the precasting plant, where engineers and drafters prepare shop drawings that show all the dimensions and details of the individual elements and how they are to be connected. These drawings are reviewed by the engineer and architect for conformance with their design intentions and corrected as necessary. Then the production of the precast ponents proceeds, beginning with construction of any special molds that are required and fabrication of reinforcing cages, the continuing through cycles of casting, curing, and stockpiling. The finished elements, marked to designate their positions in the building, are transported to the construction site as needed and placed by crane in accordance with erection drawings prepared by the precasting plant.Ⅱ.1)1.—g 2. –h 3.—e 4. –a 5. –d 6. –j 7. –I 8. –c 9. –f 10. –bⅢ.1) foundation treatment/site screed(現(xiàn)場平整)2) fixing reinforcement /bar erection, wire tie3) erecting formwork/template supporting4) cast concrete5) removing concrete laitance/ finishing concrete6) concrete curing(混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù))2)The first picture is the fundamental step for all construction. The second one is the first step for reinforcement concrete. The second one and the fourth one, the fifth one, the sixth one are related to each other, and they show the basic steps in the construction of concrete structure.Part Two Keys to ExercisesⅠ1) A building should stand up to the loads, forces, stresses and strains which are forced upon by gravity, weather and its own weight. 2) The dead load on a structure is made up of the weight of the structure including any permanently attached elements that are supported by the walls, such as any floors or roofs. The dead load also includes the plumbing, heating equipment and those kitchen appliances that would make the house uninhabitable if removed. The live load (or imposed load) on a structure includes the weight of anything else that may be present in the structure at any time. This includes people, furnishings and materials.3) A tensile force is one which acts on a body in a manner that tends to lengthen the body or to pull the parts of the body apart. The force is a tensile force because the body is in a state of tension. When two parallel forces having opposite directions act on a body tending to cause one part of the body to slide past an adjacent part, the forces are shear forces.4) Cracking in buildings may occur when the stress placed on a building material exceeds the strength of that material. This stress may be caused by externally applied loads or internal movement.5) A loaded beam resting on two supports near its ends tends to bee concave on its upper surface. We say the beam bends, and because it is downward bending it is called positive bending. The deformation that acpanies the bending is called deflection.ⅡA.1) In solid structures, the enclosing element which is the wall is loadbearing. The wall takes the loads from the roof and floors and transmits the loads to the foundations.2) In framed structure, the walls can be quite thin and light in weight, which has bee significant for highrise structures and resulted in the developments of external cladding systems.3) The builders must consider whether the building can stand up to loads, forces, stresses and strains.4) The deformation of a body under load is called strain. Tensile forces create tensile strain and pressive forces create pressive strain.5) Cracking in buildings may occur when the stress placed on a building material exceeds the strength of that material.B.懸空混凝土板一般分為兩類:現(xiàn)澆混凝土板和組合結(jié)構(gòu)板?,F(xiàn)澆混凝土板先在需要澆板的地方安裝模板,然后往模板中澆筑混凝土。模板根據(jù)地板要求的形狀建造,混凝土倒入模板凝固,然后拆除模板,使混凝土板留在原地。組合結(jié)構(gòu)板可以是鋼板和混凝土板的結(jié)合或者是鋼板和預(yù)制混凝土板的結(jié)合。現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土板依然是目前運(yùn)用最廣泛的懸空板,因?yàn)橄鄬碚f,他們經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠,而且建筑者對這樣的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)熟悉。課文譯文Part One Section B框架結(jié)構(gòu)我們這里探討的是結(jié)構(gòu)的概念,即實(shí)體結(jié)構(gòu)、框架結(jié)構(gòu)和表層結(jié)構(gòu)的概念。在實(shí)體結(jié)構(gòu)中,承擔(dān)圍護(hù)作用的墻是承重墻,它承擔(dān)來自屋頂及樓層的荷載并將荷載傳送至地基(通常為條形基礎(chǔ))??蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)中,墻主要是圍護(hù)作用,因此,框架結(jié)構(gòu)中的墻很薄很輕,而且建造起來很快。這對高層建筑意義重大,而且它也促進(jìn)了外部圍護(hù)體系的發(fā)展。框架結(jié)構(gòu)由框架構(gòu)成,梁和柱承擔(dān)來自屋頂及樓層的荷載并將其傳送至地基??蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)中的墻僅起到圍護(hù)和分割作用??蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)勢有如下幾個(gè)方面:? 節(jié)約樓層空間,因?yàn)樗膲^薄,尤其是在低層建筑中;? 建筑規(guī)劃及建筑施工靈活;? 減少自重,由于墻薄且輕;? 更經(jīng)濟(jì),特別當(dāng)屋頂及樓層跨度大時(shí);? 高層、低層皆適宜,實(shí)體結(jié)構(gòu)不適合15層及以上建筑;? 建造速度快;? 墻的材料選擇廣泛,可選磚石、預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土板、金屬及玻璃等;? 墻上開大洞口成為可能??蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)需要多次的設(shè)計(jì)和分析,直到設(shè)計(jì)出結(jié)實(shí)、穩(wěn)固又耐用的結(jié)構(gòu),并且這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)能夠承擔(dān)各種荷載,不會產(chǎn)生大的變形。這一結(jié)構(gòu)必須用合適的形式并選用恰當(dāng)?shù)牟牧蟻沓袚?dān)荷載。對于高層建筑,為了增加框架剛性,需要防風(fēng)柱來構(gòu)成加勁構(gòu)件。結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)還需要考慮耐火性能,萬一起火,框架需要支撐到居住者安全撤離。混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)耐火性能強(qiáng),但是鋼框架需要防火。對于木框架,建議最好不超過三層。小跨度的間隔較小的柱子要比間隔寬的柱子便宜。可能的話,框架的布局應(yīng)建立在規(guī)則的結(jié)構(gòu)柱網(wǎng)上,這樣做有如下好處:? 荷載可以被均衡的傳遞到基礎(chǔ)上,這可以使相對沉降最小化,使基礎(chǔ)的尺寸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。? 梁高及柱子的大小都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的,且梁和柱子的位置都是固定的,這可以使框架和墻的大小標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。? 使不同鋼筋尺寸的使用最小化,模板的再利用最大化,以此降低成本。結(jié)構(gòu)的材料可以選擇鋼、現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土或預(yù)制鋼筋混凝土、預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土、及木材(限三層)。鋼框架由雙向橫梁、稱為立柱的垂直柱及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的型鋼組成。他們用焊接和(或)帶托座的螺栓連接在一起,通常被混凝土包裹住。梁可以支撐現(xiàn)澆板或預(yù)制板。鋼筋混凝土框架需要鋼筋來承受拉應(yīng)力,需要模板來支撐混凝土直到它達(dá)到足夠的強(qiáng)度。鋼筋混凝土可以被鑄成不同的大小及形狀?;炷量箟盒詮?qiáng),但是在拉力下容易斷裂,因此,當(dāng)混凝土構(gòu)件需要承受拉力時(shí),應(yīng)在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)加入鋼筋。鋼筋必須有混凝土的包裹才能防銹、防火,更好發(fā)揮鋼筋的力度。鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)有很多優(yōu)勢,如耐火性強(qiáng)、維護(hù)費(fèi)用低、結(jié)構(gòu)布局靈活性大及結(jié)構(gòu)整體性強(qiáng)等。預(yù)制混凝土框架是在試圖結(jié)合鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)及混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的。構(gòu)件在固定地點(diǎn)的模板中澆筑,然后運(yùn)送到另一個(gè)地方,安裝在它需要的位置。預(yù)制混凝土框架以如下的程序完成:建筑結(jié)構(gòu)圖送往預(yù)制廠,預(yù)制廠的工程師和繪圖員繪制出構(gòu)件施工圖,標(biāo)出每個(gè)部件的尺寸、細(xì)節(jié)及部件間如何聯(lián)接;工程師和建筑師審閱施工圖,確保施工圖與他們的設(shè)計(jì)意圖相符,必要時(shí)做出修改。然后開始生產(chǎn)預(yù)制構(gòu)件,先建造有特殊要求的模子,再扎鋼筋籠子,澆筑、養(yǎng)護(hù)和儲存循環(huán)進(jìn)行。澆筑好的構(gòu)件要標(biāo)出他們在建筑中的位置,根據(jù)需要運(yùn)送到建筑現(xiàn)場,根據(jù)預(yù)制廠所給的安裝圖由起重器安裝到指定位置。Part Two基本結(jié)構(gòu)原理 在建筑中,有一些基本的結(jié)構(gòu)原理需要遵循。房子能承受住來自地球引力、天氣和自身重量產(chǎn)生的荷載、力、應(yīng)力和張力嗎?如果建筑人員不遵循一定的建筑規(guī)則,那么房屋倒塌將隨處可見,這將危害人身安全,帶來財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。 荷載建筑物承受的荷載可以分為兩類:靜載和活載(外加荷載)建筑物承受的靜載是建筑結(jié)構(gòu)本身的重量,包括由墻支撐的永久附屬構(gòu)件,如樓板和屋面。靜載也包含建筑中的管道、取暖設(shè)備和廚房電器等居住必備設(shè)備。建筑物承受的活載(外加荷載)包括建筑在任何情況下出現(xiàn)的任何外部重量。這包含人、家具和其他物體。因?yàn)橥饧雍奢d無法估量,因此我們有必要根據(jù)居住的類型編制表格。這種表格是為了估算建筑物上“可能最不利”的荷載。力力是使物體運(yùn)動(dòng)或?qū)⒁\(yùn)動(dòng),或改變物體運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的一種作用。力的單位是牛頓(N),*質(zhì)量(公斤)。例如,*2000=19620N壓應(yīng)力壓應(yīng)力是指力作用于一個(gè)物體使其縮短或者使其結(jié)合在一起,這種力就是壓應(yīng)力,這個(gè)物體(建筑構(gòu)件)處于受壓狀態(tài)。拉應(yīng)力拉應(yīng)力是指使一個(gè)物體拉長或分裂時(shí)的力。這種力被稱為拉力因?yàn)槲矬w出于拉張狀態(tài)。剪力剪力是作用于同一物體上的兩個(gè)大小相等,方向相反的平行力,它將引起物體的一部分相對于相鄰部分的移動(dòng)。 應(yīng)力 應(yīng)力是物體內(nèi)部對于外界壓力所產(chǎn)生的抵抗力。它以每單位面積上力的大小來表示: 應(yīng)力=力/受力面積 在這個(gè)等式中,力的單位是牛頓(N),面積的單位是平方米(m2)或平方毫米(mm2)表示。 當(dāng)建筑材料所承受的應(yīng)力超過其建筑材料的強(qiáng)度時(shí),建筑物就可能會開裂。這種應(yīng)力可能由外加荷載或內(nèi)部運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生。變形當(dāng)物體受到力的作用時(shí),它的大小或形狀將會發(fā)生改變,這些改變叫做變形。當(dāng)一個(gè)張力作用在一根鋼筋上時(shí),鋼筋的會被拉長,這種長度的延長就是變形。這種變形是應(yīng)變。應(yīng)變物體在荷載下的變形叫做應(yīng)變。張力產(chǎn)生拉伸
點(diǎn)擊復(fù)制文檔內(nèi)容
公司管理相關(guān)推薦
文庫吧 www.dybbs8.com
備案圖鄂ICP備17016276號-1