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result in collapse. During the life of the building, the foundation must not settle in such way as to damage the structure or impair its function. The foundation must be feasible both technically and economically, and practical to build without adverse effect to surrounding property.5. Foundation Design types of foundation to prevent settlement Excavation excavator to remove soil Earthwork to prevent collapse of excavation Ground Water Control to keep excavation clear of water Waterproofing to prevent water entry II. 1~5 higfd 6~10 bcjaeIII. 1.1) strip foundation。明顯特征可使用地的任何其它特征都要標(biāo)注在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)平面圖上,為設(shè)計(jì)者最大可能地去設(shè)計(jì)和建造工程,并消除任何潛在的問(wèn)題。如果建筑正好建在地界邊線(xiàn)上,柵欄可能也是要考慮的項(xiàng)目。植被施工場(chǎng)地要整潔,必須從現(xiàn)場(chǎng)移走植被。在某些情況下,大樹(shù)可能不允許移走,或者,如果被移走,將會(huì)明顯影響到那里的土質(zhì)。現(xiàn)有建筑可能要求拆除或圍起來(lái),很明顯要增加建設(shè)費(fèi)用?,F(xiàn)有特征現(xiàn)場(chǎng)已有的建筑、樹(shù)木、植被、柵欄或任何特別的物體必須在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘測(cè)中描述出來(lái)。你應(yīng)該考慮到材料的運(yùn)輸,尤其是混凝土和磚,并能讓挖掘設(shè)備通過(guò)。無(wú)論如何,土地的坡度在設(shè)計(jì)階段就要確定。這對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者和建造者都很重要,因?yàn)樗蛟S會(huì)決定房子的樣式、地基的類(lèi)型。坡度或梯度如果有等高線(xiàn),現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的坡度或梯度都會(huì)被標(biāo)注在等高線(xiàn)上?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)的角落通常用漆成白色的標(biāo)樁來(lái)標(biāo)示。如果這些都還不能確定,那么,可以要求測(cè)量員在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)精確定位并在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的邊界上楔入測(cè)樁,包括地役權(quán)或其它場(chǎng)地的限制。邊界定位建造時(shí),重要的是建在當(dāng)前可使用地的邊界線(xiàn)內(nèi)。限定限定是開(kāi)發(fā)商用于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)對(duì)建筑樣式、顏色或外形等的限制條約。地役權(quán)會(huì)被顯示和注冊(cè)在相關(guān)的土地所用權(quán)上。地役權(quán)地役權(quán)是指土地或可使用地的一部分,被法律限制只能用于特殊的用途或目的,例如、通道、排水系統(tǒng)或市政設(shè)施。土地功能劃分因區(qū)域不同而不同并控制土地的用途。向當(dāng)?shù)氐耐恋厮袡?quán)辦公室申請(qǐng),提供物主的名字和地址獲取規(guī)劃圖編號(hào),然后通過(guò)辦公室的微電影查看或花點(diǎn)錢(qián)買(mǎi)下規(guī)劃圖。做成列表,確保你不會(huì)遺漏這些對(duì)你有用的項(xiàng)目:位置現(xiàn)場(chǎng)位置包括現(xiàn)場(chǎng)所處的城鎮(zhèn)、街道和地塊編號(hào),以供今后參考。你必須分析現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的位置、限制及其特征?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)布置必須考慮出入現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的通道,材料的堆放設(shè)施,車(chē)間或模板、鋼筋的加工場(chǎng)地,機(jī)械設(shè)備如塔式起重機(jī)(塔吊)和混凝土攪拌站的位置,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)行政辦公室,勞保和衛(wèi)生設(shè)施如為員工提供臨時(shí)住房、食堂、廁所/浴室,安全保衛(wèi)以防止材料被盜和公眾受到傷害,臨時(shí)服務(wù)設(shè)施如供電、供水和電話(huà)。通常涉及到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)清理和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)布置??睖y(cè)的目的就是要達(dá)到更好的設(shè)計(jì)、更經(jīng)濟(jì)的前期施工準(zhǔn)備和制訂更好的施工方法。地下勘測(cè)包括土壤勘測(cè)以確定土壤的強(qiáng)度,探明土質(zhì)的成因,地下礦產(chǎn)和有害物質(zhì)。勘測(cè)分為兩類(lèi):地上勘測(cè)和地下勘測(cè)。此階段包括計(jì)劃、融資和獲得建造許可,以及進(jìn)行場(chǎng)地勘測(cè)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工準(zhǔn)備。土質(zhì)勘測(cè)不僅要考慮土質(zhì)的構(gòu)成,還要考慮那些影響基礎(chǔ)含水量的因素。評(píng)估獲得的信息不僅建筑商需要,任何在項(xiàng)目工作的建筑師或工程師都需要。 sanitary facilities such as temporary living quarters, site canteen, toilets / bathrooms for the staff and workers, security amp。 7) foundations。 10) accessible building。 7) stockpile topsoil。建筑的基本要素基本要素功能及類(lèi)型 基礎(chǔ)將建筑的荷載分布于地下土壤. 條形基礎(chǔ), 獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ), 樁基礎(chǔ), 筏型基礎(chǔ)外墻建筑的外部覆蓋形式. 承重墻和非承重墻內(nèi)墻將外墻覆蓋的內(nèi)部空間分隔成房間. 磚, 砌塊, 木板, 金屬樓層將外墻和平行屋面圍護(hù)的空間分隔以增加使用空間. 底樓, 上層樓面樓梯1) 從樓層到樓層的通道2) 防火通道.. 材料, 形狀屋面保護(hù)建筑免受風(fēng)雨的侵蝕. 坡屋面, 平屋面門(mén)封閉進(jìn)入建筑物的洞口,或封閉建筑物內(nèi)房間與房間之間的洞口. 材料 ( 施工), 開(kāi)洞的方法窗 1) 讓光線(xiàn)和陽(yáng)光進(jìn)入建筑物2) 能觀察室內(nèi)外事物. 材料, 開(kāi)洞的方法Unit Two Preliminary Site Work1。下面是建筑的一些基本概念。當(dāng)下,隨著世界能源資源的減少,能源價(jià)格的上漲,設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)節(jié)能建筑就顯得尤為重要。 Part Two 參考譯文 建筑工程概述 建筑施工涉及許多工種、工序、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù),它涉及建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)及建筑施工的方法?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)會(huì)議紀(jì)要是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)會(huì)議的書(shū)面記錄,土壤報(bào)告是工程師準(zhǔn)備的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)地質(zhì)情況信息。執(zhí)照是某權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)頒發(fā)的官方許可證。合同形式是雇主和承包商之間的合同條款和條件。工程量清單列出了修建一個(gè)工程所需的材料及工作內(nèi)容。立面圖顯示的是建筑物的前、后、及側(cè)面而剖面圖是從側(cè)面看建筑物的一部分?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)平面圖或現(xiàn)場(chǎng)布置圖顯示的是建筑物的位置及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的其他部分。透視圖(效果圖)給人一種距離感和建筑物的真實(shí)感。裝配圖顯示怎樣把建筑的各部件組裝在一起,部件圖顯示的是建筑的某一部分,比如門(mén)窗。繪制這樣的圖紙需要多年的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和全面的建筑知識(shí)。圖紙通常是由建筑師、工程師或繪圖員為雇主繪制,包含建筑施工需要的所有信息。 這部分的目的是為你介紹在建筑業(yè)你會(huì)接觸到的各類(lèi)人員、施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)會(huì)使用到的圖紙及文件的一些基本知識(shí)。 在建筑業(yè)工作,你會(huì)接觸到來(lái)自不同地方的各種人員。試想如果你不能與人交流,如果,無(wú)論你多么努力,你的表達(dá)都不能使人理解,那是多么令人沮喪的事。這就稱(chēng)之為“冬暖夏涼”。在冬天最大限度減少熱量流失、最大限度獲取太陽(yáng)能; 低耗能建筑的主要目標(biāo)是充分利用能源,達(dá)到合理的舒適度,在建筑成本和住房供熱降溫成本之間保持最佳平衡。 節(jié)能建筑的重要決策需要在設(shè)計(jì)初期做出,從建筑的周邊環(huán)境獲取最大好處。節(jié)能建筑被定義為居住更加舒適,運(yùn)行成本更加低廉。 The Employer shall appoint the Engineer who shall carry out the duties assigned to him in the Contract.5. 解決能源短缺矛盾的較有效方法是進(jìn)行建筑節(jié)能控制。It is important that you show the required details clearly and simply and that your drawings are fully annotated.3. 從事建筑施工需要懂得材料學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)、環(huán)境學(xué)及建筑經(jīng)濟(jì)。 (效果圖) 2) structure drawing (結(jié)構(gòu)圖)3) elevation (立面圖) 4) floor plan 樓層平面圖 5) section (剖面圖 / 斷面圖) 6)detail section (剖面詳圖 / 節(jié)點(diǎn)圖)2. Read the drawings again and tell your partners what the function is for each drawing. The function of perspective drawing gives a feeling of distance and solidity to the building. It is usually drawn by Architect. The function of the structure drawing is to show how to make the building stable and safe. It is drawn by structure engineer. Floor plan shows what are planned on the floor or in the house. Section shows more clearly what the drawing tells and enables the builders to perform the work. Detail section shows how the parts of the building are connected.Part Two I. Reading Comprehension1. What does building construction involve? Building Construction involves many trades, operations, products and professions.2. Describe briefly the building construction requirements. Building construction requires the understanding of sciences of materials and structures, environmental sciences, and building economics.3. Why is it being even more important to design and construct energy efficient housing?Because the world’s energy sources are deleting and the cost of energy rises.4. Explain the finishes in building construction. The finishes in building construction include floor finishes, wall finishes and ceiling finishes. The normal practice of finishes starts from ceiling, then walls and leaves floors at last. The ceiling can be painted or be suspended. The wall can also be painted or wallpapered. Floor tiles, carpets, or timbers can be used as floor finishes.5. According to your understanding, explain briefly the structure in building construction.Three structures are generally used in building construction. They are solid structure, skeletal (framed) structure and surface structure. Solid structure is usually of masonry and concrete. Skeletal (framed) structure is suitable for high and low rise and for long and short span buildings. Surface structure is used for certain type of building with special materials.II. A. Translate the following sentences into English.1. 在建筑施工中,你會(huì)接觸到來(lái)自不同地方的各種人員。 9 – e。 7 – i。 5 – c。 3 – b。 8) you will get the work you are paying for while we get paid for the work we perform.Lucas writes a report according to the conversation above.This morning, the client told me that our pany was awarded the contract of the project. He issued the letter of acceptance to me and requested several documents to be provided to them before we should mence the work, including performance security. I asked about the drawings and th