【正文】 e trade.Visible trade involves the import and export of goods, while invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries.Transportation service across national boundaries。 insurance。 tourism and immigrant remittance.9. Explain briefly the different kinds of tariffs.a. import duties are tariffs levied on goods entering an area while export duties are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.b. The term drawback refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported. Drawback: duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when reexported.Highlight: to make prominent。 to draw special attentionBulky: taking a lot of space, and often of a shape difficult to handlePerishable: easily to go badTariff: duties imposed on goods imported and exportedSpecific duties: duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goodsAd valorem duties: duties levied on the basis of the price of the goodsUnilaterally: done by one side or party onlyMaritime: connected with the sea or navigationRemittance: money sent by pose七、1. What sort of risks can arise when goods are being moved from one place to another? If risks do occur, what consequences would they bring about?a. lost or damagedb. delivery does not take place for some other reason The climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought.2. Why is it necessary to have Incoterms? And what is the purpose of making amendments and additions to Incoterms?The prupose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most monly used trade terms in foreign trade.In order to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.3. Do you know anything about container transport? Is it a revolutionary innovation in transportation techniques? Give your reasons. Container transport is a revolutionary innovation. It greatly accelerates modern transport.4. Can you explain the word “negotiable” in the phrase “negotiable transport document”? Negotiable here means that the transport document can be passed from person to person instead of money.5. What are the main characteristic of Incoterms 1990? In the present 1990 version of Incoterms the trade terms are presented in a new format which allows seller and buyer to follow a stepbystep process to determine their respective obligations. Further, under all terms, the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped under 10 headings where each heading on the seller’s side mirrors the position of the buyer with respect to the same subject matter. With respect to the division between the parties of duties, taxes and other official charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities, the terms explain for the sake of clarity how such costs are divided between the parties.6. What are the four different categories of terms in Incoterms 2000?Group E: the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller’s own premisesGroup F: the seller I called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyerGroup C: the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatchGroup D:the seller has to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of destination7. How do you understand the first sentence of Paragraph 6? Try to put it into Chinese and then paraphrase it in English.1990年修訂通則的主要原因是使貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)能夠適應(yīng)日益廣泛使用的電子數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)。That means in the 1990 version of Incoterms, it’s possible for the parties to supply various document by means of electronic data interchange.8. Why should the pilers of Incoterms 2000 take the trouble to set forth in detail the division of duties, taxes, costs and charges etc. of both sellers and buyers, as some of them are irrelevant to either the seller or the buyer?The terms explain for the sake of clarity how such costs are divided between the parties.9. Explain briefly the terms FOB, CFR and CIF.FOB: Free On BoardCFR: Cost and FreightCIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight10. In what areas are substantive changes made with Incoterms 2000?a. the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ。b. the loading and unloading obligations under FCA. Law suit: legal prosecutionDispute: argument or controversyRemedy: method of putting right something that is wrongAmendment: changes made to somethingIncoterms: a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade termsPresent: the arrangement of things by groupsPremises: a tract of land including its buildingsHeading: submitClassification: categoryCarriage: the price or cost of transportation八、1. What is a contract? What may happen if a contracting party fails to fulfill his obligations?A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make pensation.2. Mention the two types of business negotiations, and give examples of each.Oral and written.Oral: direct discussions conducted at trade fairs。 sending trade groups abroad。 inviting foreign cusomers。 business discussions through international trunk callsWritten: enquiries made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered3. Is an inquiry binding on the inquirer? What is a first inquiry, and what information should be given in it ?An enquiry is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.In case of a first enquiry, that is, an enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt