【正文】 organization, an example of an organization chart, and a critical look at the flexible organizational structure of an American puter pany.1a DiscussionThis discussion activity follows on naturally from activity 3d in the previous unit, about managing panies or having more limited responsibilities in a particular department.1b Vocabulary1. Autonomous: C independent, able to take decisions without consulting a higher authority2. Decentralization: E dividing an organization into decisionmaking units that are not centrally controlled.3. Function: B a specific activity in a pany, . production, marketing, finance4. Hierarchy: A system of authority with different levels, one above the other.5. Line authority: F the power to give instructions to people at the level below in the chain of mand6. Report to: G to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him or her7. Subordinates: D people working under someone else in a hierarchy1c ReadingThe text summarizes the most mon ways in which panies and other organizations are structured, and mentions the people usually credited with inventing functional organization and decentralization. It mentions the more recent development of matrix management, and a wellknown objection to it. How arte most organizations structured?Most panies are too large to be organized as a single hierarchy. The hierarchy is usually divided up. In what way?What are the obvious disadvantages of functional structure?(Discuss briefly in pairs) give some examples of standard conflicts in panies between departments with different objectivesAre there any other ways of organizing panies that might solve these problems?A. Functional structureB. Matrix structureC. Line structureD. Staff structureBritish: personnel department = American: staff department or human resources department1d ComprehensionThe only adequate summary is the second. The first stresses the disadvantages of hierarchies much more strongly than the text, and disregards the criticisms of matrix management and decentralization. The third is simply misleading: matrix management and teams are designed to facilitate munication among functional departments rather than among autonomous divisions.Second summaryMost business organizations have a hierarchy consisting of several levels and a clear line of mand. There may also be staff positions that are not integrated into the hierarchy. The organization might also be divided into functional departments, such as production, finance, marketing, sales and personnel. Larger organizations are often further divided into autonomous divisions, each with its own functional sections. More recent organizational systems include matrix management and teams, both of which bine people from different functions and keep decisionmaking at lower levels.1e discussionThe text mentions the often inpatible goals of the finance, marketing and production (or operations) department. Classify the following strategies according to which departments would probably favor them.Production managers: factory working at full capacity standard product without optional features that give the possibility of making various different products. (1, 4 and 11 would logically satisfy production managers, although 11 should also satisfy other departments.)Marketing managers: large advertising budget large sales force earning high mission strong market share for new products credit facilities for customers inventories to make sure that products are available (2, 3, 6, 7, 9, would logically be the demands of marketing managers)Finance managers: strong cash balance profit margins research and development spending (using retained earnings rather than borrowing) (5, 8, 10, and 12 would logically keep finance managers happy.)1f Describing pany structureHere is a short description of the organization chart illustrated.The Chief Executive Officer reports to the President and the Board of Directors. The pany is divided into five major departments: Production, Marketing, Finance, Research amp。 Development, and Personnel. The Marketing Department is subdivided into Market Research, Sales, and Advertising amp。 Promotions. The Finance Department contains both Financial Management and Accounting. Sales consists of two sections, the Northern and Southern Regions, whose heads report to the Sales Manager, who is accountable to the Marketing Manager.2a VocabularyMatch up the words on the left with the definitions on the right.1. industrial belt: C an area with lots of industrial panies, around the edge of a city2. wealth: F the products of economic activity3. productivity: E the amount of output produced (in a certain period, using a certain number of inputs)4. corporate ethos: A a pany’s ways of working and thinking5. collaboration: G working together and sharing ideas6. insulated or isolated: B alone, placed in a position away from others