【正文】 of cargo services.The express industry makes a significant direct contribution to the global economy:its direct contribution to world GDP was US$80 billion in 2008 – similar to that of the shipbuilding industry。and It directly supports million jobs, around a third more than the petroleum refinery industry。With demand for rapid, guaranteed delivery services growing strongly, direct employment in the express industry globally is expected to increase from million now to million by 2018, if it is unconstrained by regulatory impediments and restrictions. The express industry is expected to support almost million jobs globally by 2018. The most important contribution that the express industry makes is that it improves the capabilities and petitiveness of other sectors of the economy.The core business of the express industry is the provision of valueadded, doortodoor transport and deliveries of nextday or timedefinite shipments, including documents, parcels and merchandise goods.(Timedefinite shipments normally incur a transit time of between 2 and 3 days.)Four panies – DHL, FedEx, TNT and UPS, also referred to as ‘integrators’ – are the leaders of the global express industry .while other transport operators on their own cannot respond to the needs of business as effectively as the express industry. In particular, they are not able to offer the same level of rapid, guaranteed delivery to as wide a range of destinations.To meet the requirements of business, the express industry relies on overnight transport to use the ‘dead time’ from when a pany hands over its shipment late in the working day to delivery to the recipient early the following day. Express transportation is achieved by using a variety of different transport modes。 lorries,vans, trains, and passenger aircraft and freight aircraft as well as onfoot delivery. Where possible, though,the express industry uses surface transport modes. Air express services are only used where there are no other options available to meet same day and nextday delivery requirements.Oxford Economics Study ReportThe express industry has made a significant contribution to the global economy in the past and we expect it to do so in the future but it will suffer in the shortterm (2009 and 2010) as world trade is adversely affected by the current economic climate.North America forms the largest express market in the world, with estimated revenues of US$76 billion in 2008 . Latin America contributes around US$3 billion, 2 per cent of the global market. With revenues of US$49 billon and US$42 billion respectively, the European and AsiaPacific domestic and international markets for express services have significant scope for further expansion as panies increasingly adopt best international business practice with regard to timedefinite, guaranteed delivery. The fastest regional growth in recent years has been in emerging economies, particularly the Middle East and Latin America, albeit from a relatively small base.The vast majority of express deliveries are intraregional – . between countries and states within either the Americas, Europe, or AsiaPacific. Express deliveries between these three regions account for 12% of express industry revenues. Nevertheless, interregional express deliveries generated revenues of US$21billion in 2008. The market for express services in the rest of the world is estimated to just over US$11billion.The express industry employs around million staff worldwide. It provides work for people with a wide range of skills, including sorting and delivery, administration and sales, as well as engineers/technicians and supporting million jobs in total(whether directly or indirectly)The express industry is a significant global industry supporting million jobs worldwide. In its own right the industry has made a significant contribution in the past and we expect it to do so in the future but it will suffer in the shortterm as its client base is hurt by the current economic climate. But the most important role of the express industry is in facilitating the success of other parts of the economy. The impact of restrictions on express delivery servicesInternational express services, like any other aspect of international trade, can be impeded by government policies and restrictions that undermine the ability of express delivery panies to operate efficiently and hence their ability to facilitate increased trade, investment, and productivity across the wider economy. These policies and restrictions can take many formsIn some countries delivery service providers, often governmentowned, benefit from statutory or de facto monopoly status that allows them to use their dominant market positions to limit petition in the express can involve, for example:Outright exclusion of petition ,Crosssubsidisation,Special taxes ,Preferential treatment,Restrictions on market access.While many countries require licenses for the provision of certain delivery services, in some cases these are applied arbitrarily or in ways that are discriminatory, nontransparent,or excessively plex. For example, some countries charge high license fees, (some even in the form of taxes on total receipts) and do not allow automatic renewal, requiring express delivery panies to reapply annually. Others require licensing express services for private firms but not for publiclyowned postal bodies. For example, an international provider of express delivery services may have to obtain 10 to 12 licences to do business。 including licences for foreign investment,international freight forwarding, customs express shipments consignee, air transportation sales agent,road transportation, etc. And in some cases the national postal body has the right to conduct inspections and financial audits of peting firms and to withdraw their licenses.While customs clearances are an integral part of the responsibility of governments to enforce tariffs, safeguard public heal