【正文】
vide a convenient location. Also, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer aids in promoting the product, often through displays and advertising. Fourth, the retailer may finance the customer by extending credit. Further, the retailer performs storage function in his outlet, by having goods available. 練習(xí):1. He is not well today, but he still es to class.他今天身體不好,但(他)還是來上課了。2. It is better to do well than to say well.說得好不如做得好。3. The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.陽光燦爛,晴空萬里。4. In September 1939, the Second World War broke out.(在)1939年9月,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)。5. 這架電視機(jī)真是價廉物美。This television is really cheap (in price) and fine (in quality).第五章:英漢翻譯中的重復(fù)翻譯法1. 教學(xué)目標(biāo)● 英漢語重復(fù)的目的;● 英漢語重復(fù)的缺點(diǎn);● 英語避免重復(fù)的方法;● 漢語重復(fù)表達(dá)的特點(diǎn);● 英漢重復(fù)翻譯技巧。2. 教學(xué)重點(diǎn)● 英語避免重復(fù)的方法;● 漢語重復(fù)表達(dá)的特點(diǎn);● 英漢重復(fù)翻譯技巧。3. 教學(xué)難點(diǎn)● 兩種語言的特點(diǎn)比較及翻譯技巧的掌握。4. 教學(xué)特點(diǎn)● 理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合5. 教學(xué)方法●講授法,示例法,課堂討論對比法,交際法。6. 教學(xué)設(shè)施● 多媒體 (PPT), 黑板7. 教學(xué)步驟: 復(fù)習(xí)翻譯的減詞法:Q1:Why is omission necessary for the EnglishChinese translation? (語言對比)Q2:How many cases should be used the translation skill of omission? What are they? 英漢語重復(fù)表達(dá)的目的:1)表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)語勢;2)表達(dá)生動活潑;3)表達(dá)明確。 英漢語重復(fù)的缺點(diǎn):重復(fù)使得表達(dá)啰嗦,單調(diào)乏味。 英語避免重復(fù)的方法:英語中盡量采用替代、省略或變換方法來避免無意圖的重復(fù),這樣不僅能使行文簡潔、有力,而且符合英語民族的語言心理習(xí)慣。替代(substitution)有名詞性替代、動詞性替代、分句性替代。省略有名詞性省略、動詞性省略、分句性省略、句法的省略、情景的省略等。變換主要指利用同義詞、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)和句式變化等來避免重復(fù)。 指代法:使用代詞(人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞以及用于非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞)來避免重復(fù)。例如:The . infantryman, while requiring far too luxurious logistical support, put up a nice fight in France。 he was fresh, wellfed, and unscarred by battle.譯文:雖然美國步兵部隊需要的后勤供給過于奢侈,但在法國的一仗卻打得十分漂亮。他們精神飽滿,營養(yǎng)充足,戰(zhàn)爭沒有給他們留下任何創(chuàng)傷。書上例子。 換詞法:使用范疇詞、同義詞或準(zhǔn)同義詞來避免重復(fù)。例1:John’s bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car.約翰給自己買了一部新的福特牌汽車,他幾乎就住在這部汽車?yán)铩@?:I don’t know where to stay when I arrive in New York. I have never been to that place.我不知道到了紐約要住在哪里,我從來沒有去過那個地方。例3:The monkey’s most extraordinary feat was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the animal had learned to solo on the vehicle. 這只猴子最了不起的技能是學(xué)會駕駛拖拉機(jī)。到了九歲的時候,這只猴子已經(jīng)學(xué)會單獨(dú)表演駕駛拖拉機(jī)了。書上例子。 替代法:使用替代詞語或替代句型來避免重復(fù)。1)名詞性替代(nominal substitution):用代詞或某些名詞來取代名詞(詞組),如第三人稱代詞、指示代詞(this, that, thiese, those)、關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,whose, that, which)、連接代詞(who, whom, whose, what, which)、不定代詞(all, wach, every, both, either, neither, one/ones, none, little, few, several, many, much, other, some, any, no)以及名詞(enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter)等。例1:A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.化學(xué)變化是改變粒子結(jié)構(gòu)、形成新物質(zhì)的一種變化。例2: He hated failure。 he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.他討厭失敗,他一生中曾戰(zhàn)勝失敗,超越失敗,并且藐視別人的失敗。2) 動詞性替代:用替代詞來取代動詞或詞組。主要類型見書上。例1:The Americans are reducing their defence expenditure this year. I wonder if the Russians will do too.美國人今年已在削減國防開支,我懷疑俄國人也會這樣做。例2: You don’t want to lag behind. Neither does she.你不愿意落后,她也不愿意落后。例3:Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well.瑪麗會講漢語,而且講得很好。3)分句性替代(clausal substitution):用替代詞so 或not來取代充當(dāng)賓語的that 從句,用if so 或if not 來取代條件從句,用as來取代分句的一部分。例1:People believe that the American team will win the football game. Peter thinks so, but I believe not.人們認(rèn)為美國隊將贏得這場足球比賽,彼得也是這樣認(rèn)為的,我卻認(rèn)為并非如此。例2:The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation。 it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind. And that was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments.中國人從來就是一個偉大的勇敢的勤勞的民族,只是在近代落伍了。這種落伍,完全是被外國帝國主義和本國反動政府所壓迫和剝削的結(jié)果。. 省略法:刪去句中相同的詞語來避免重復(fù)。例1:A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s. 說一個人自私自利,并非因?yàn)樗粓D自己的利益,而是因?yàn)樗活權(quán)徣说睦妗@?:One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavor from a description: a sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled.人不能只從講解中學(xué)會發(fā)音,也不能光靠看說明而真正體會出某種滋味來:聲音必須耳聞,顏色必須目見,滋味必須口嘗,氣味必須吸入。 保留介詞法:即保留同一個介詞以回避名詞、動詞或形容詞的重復(fù)。例子:見書上。 緊縮法:就是將語句中兩個或幾個相關(guān)聯(lián)的成分合成在一起,以避免一些詞語的重復(fù),使文字變得簡潔緊湊。例1:He was particularly interested in the articles on and by Lu Xun.他特別喜歡評論魯迅的文章,也特別喜歡魯迅寫的文章。見書。 漢語重復(fù)表達(dá)特點(diǎn):與英語不同,重復(fù)是漢語的一個特點(diǎn),表現(xiàn)在語音上的需要,語法的需要和修辭上的需要。漢語的重復(fù)傾向與其語音文字的特點(diǎn)有密切的關(guān)系。漢字屬于音節(jié)文字,一個漢字代表一個音節(jié),音節(jié)分為聲。韻、調(diào)單個部分,元音在音節(jié)中處于主要的地位,配上不同聲調(diào)的升降抑揚(yáng),使得漢語具有鏗鏘動聽的音樂美。現(xiàn)代漢語中雙音節(jié)占優(yōu)勢,講究詞語的偶數(shù)音節(jié)的組合,讀起來順口,給人整齊、勻稱而又平穩(wěn)、舒暢的感覺。 重疊(reduplication): 名詞重疊:AA: 人人 天天 事事 年年 聲聲 字字 道道 家家AABB: 男男女女 世世代代 風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨 溝溝洼洼 日日夜夜數(shù)量詞重疊、動詞重疊、形容詞重疊、附加式重疊(毛毛雨 月月紅)、偏正并列式、動賓并列式、主謂并列式等。 重復(fù)(repetition):在修辭上稱為反復(fù)。例1:我為人人,人人為我。One for all and all for one.例2: 大處著眼,小處著手。Keep the general goal in sight while taking hold of the daily tasks. 英漢翻譯中的重復(fù)翻譯技巧:通過比較,我們可以看出兩種語言的特點(diǎn),在以上這些場合盡量使用重復(fù)的方法來翻譯英語。例1:Most notably, China has avoided the large output declines and severe macroeconomic instability that have tended to characterize the transition experiences in central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.最值得注意的是,中國避免了生產(chǎn)的大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的嚴(yán)重不穩(wěn)定性,生產(chǎn)的大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的嚴(yán)重不穩(wěn)定性曾經(jīng)是中、東歐以及前蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟(jì)過渡時期的特點(diǎn)。 句子翻譯練習(xí):1)Happy families also had their own troubles.幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的煩惱。2) Work with, and not against , nature.要順應(yīng)自然工作,不要違反自然工作。3) Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings – this is all the work of science. 收集事實(shí)并加以論證,提出理論并加以檢驗(yàn),以及歸納整理研究成果這就是科學(xué)工作的全部內(nèi)容。Do exercise on page 53