【正文】 家必須向新興國家的制造業(yè)產(chǎn)品開放市場，甚至給其產(chǎn)品以比工業(yè)化國家更多的優(yōu)惠。 order to facilitate the industrialization of the lessdeveloped countries, the western nations must open up their markets to the manufactured products of the new states, even to the extent of giv ing them preference over the products of the industrial countries. 全真模擬演練（一）40. A contract is an agreement by which two parties mutually promise to buy or sell some products. In practice,some informal contracts may be reached orally. This is understandable ,but may lead to unfortunate consequences. A reasonable exporter should at least insist on strict observance of the legal requirements in case of orders that are not routine transactions. When the goods ordered re present a considerable value,a formal contract embodying all terms of the agreement should be pre pared in duplicate。each copy should be signed by both parties,and each party should retain a copy of the contract.41. Proposal forms are not customary in cargo insurance,but many firms do use a transit appli cation form which lists the information they require. Since the fullest information reduces the possibil ity of any breach of utmost good faith,it is better to supply full details than to restrict oneself to the bare minimum. Every material. Circumstance must be disclosed and what is “ material” will depend upon the facts of every consignment.40. 份合同是買賣雙方共同保證買賣某些產(chǎn)品的協(xié)定。在商業(yè)行為中，有些非正式合同是口頭達(dá)成的。這是可以理解的，但可能釀成嚴(yán)重后果。一個明智的出口商至少應(yīng)在遇到非同尋常的訂貨時堅持嚴(yán)格要求按法規(guī)履約。當(dāng)訂購貨物金額較大時，應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備體現(xiàn)所有協(xié)議條款的合同一式兩份，在每份合同上雙方均需簽字，然后每方保留一份。41. 貨物保險習(xí)慣上雖不使用建議書，但許多公司的確使用過渡性的申請書列出他們所需I的信息。因為信息越詳細(xì)就越有可能減少違反最大誠信原則，因此，最好是提供充分的信息而不要只局限于提供最低限度的情況。必須公開每個實質(zhì)性的事項并根據(jù)每一批貨物的情況來／決定“實質(zhì)性的”事項是什么。42. 保險是一種風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。通過保險個人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。 is a risk transfer mechanism,by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.43. 根據(jù)商品性質(zhì)及各國具體規(guī)定不同，可能需要各種證書。43. Various certificates may be required depending on the nature of the modity and the stip ulations of the specific countries.44. 一旦發(fā)盤或還盤被接受，便認(rèn)為是達(dá)成了交易。 is considered concluded once an offer or a counter offer is accepted.45. 在國際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險，因為總存在對方不履約的可能。 international trade,both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possi bility that the other party may fail to fulfill the contract.、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場是跨國企業(yè)組織帶給不發(fā)達(dá)國家的利益。46. Technology,capital and ready markets are sort of benefits MNEs bring to lessdeveloped host countries．全真模擬演練（二）40. The transferable credit is designed to meet the requirements of international trade. It enables a middleman who is receiving payment from a buyer under a documentary credit to transfer his claim under that credit to his own supplier. In this way he can carry out transactions with only a limited outlay of his own funds. A transferable credit may only be transferred once. The second beneficiary may not further transfer it unless there is an express provision to this effect in the original credit. This limit on transferability is intended to prevent abuse.41. International trade is the exchange of goods between nations. It took place for many first is that no nation has all of the modities that it needs. Countries that lack some resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Second,a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs and has to import some to satisfy its require what it needs from those countries that have a parative advantage in the desired items. Finally, even though a country can produce enough of an item at reasonable costs to meet its own demand,it may still import some from other countries for innovation or variety of style.40. 可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證是為適合國際貿(mào)易的需要而設(shè)計的。它使在跟單信用證項下從買方收取貨款的中間商能夠把自己信用證項下的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓給他的供貨商。這樣，他就可以只憑開支有限的資金而進(jìn)行交易?？赊D(zhuǎn)讓信用證只可轉(zhuǎn)讓一次。除非原信用證有明確規(guī)定，第二受益人不可以再轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。這種對轉(zhuǎn)讓作出的限制是為了防止濫用轉(zhuǎn)讓。41. 國際貿(mào)易是國家之間進(jìn)行的商品交換。它的產(chǎn)生有許多原因。首先，沒有一個國家能生產(chǎn)它所需要的全部產(chǎn)品。缺少某些資源的國家必須從那些出口該資源的國家購買。第二，一個國家往往沒有足夠多的某項產(chǎn)品來滿足其所需，而必須進(jìn)口一些來滿足需要。第三，一個國家能夠比別的國家以較低成本銷售某些產(chǎn)品，而且還從對有關(guān)產(chǎn)品具有比較優(yōu)勢的國家購買所需產(chǎn)品。最后，即使一個國家可以以合理的成本生產(chǎn)足夠的產(chǎn)品滿足本國的需要，它仍可能為了革新或調(diào)劑品種而從別的國家進(jìn)口一些。42. 貿(mào)易不是建立在兩個國家生產(chǎn)能力的差異上，而是建立在不同的消費(fèi)愛好上。42. Trade will be based not on differences in the production capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences.43. 合同依法實施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強(qiáng)制作出賠償。43. A contract is enforceable by law,and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make pensation. 44. 經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員不僅要在稅收、政府開支、產(chǎn)業(yè)政策等方面保持一致，而且還要使用統(tǒng)一的貨幣。44. The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation,govern ment expenditure,industry policies,etc. ,but also use the same currency.45. 在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)不力的國家，最好不要采用國際許可經(jīng)營。45. It is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection.46. 控制成本是一些企業(yè)進(jìn)行對外投資的主要動機(jī)之一，而降低生產(chǎn)成本是其考慮的一個重要方面。46. Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And l lowering production costs is an important consideration.Lesson 1 International Business1. licenser。 Licenser is one who grants a license. 2. certificate of deposit 。 Certificate of deposit is a certificate from a bank stating that the named party has a specified 3 .management contract。 Under a management contract,one pany offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.1. What are the two categories of international investment? What is their major difference?1. International investment can be classified into two categories ,that is ,foreign direct investment (FDI)and portfolio investment. The major difference between them is that FDI is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country,while portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.2． What is patent?2. Patent is a grant made by a government that con