【正文】 d by such, it is not a simple matter to change this pattern. indeed, as Joan Borysenko notes, one of the most stressful things for a Type A is to be told to relax.”由于行為模式與心臟病之間的聯(lián)系，已經(jīng)采取了各種方法來改變這種行為模式。 例如，A型人已經(jīng)被教授放松練習(xí)和其他技術(shù)來管理壓力。 他們被鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展非壓抑性的愛好，他們接受了治療課程來幫助改變他們對(duì)世界的壓力。 一些項(xiàng)目在改變A型人的行為和心理反應(yīng)方面取得了一定程度的成功。 但是到目前為止，成功是有限的。 A型模式似乎是在多年的學(xué)習(xí)過程中得到這樣的支持，改變這種模式不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的事情。 事實(shí)上，正如瓊博里森科（Joan Borysenko）所指出的那樣，“對(duì)A型來說，壓力最大的事情之一就是放松?！盧eading2 SMOKINGThe risks of smokingThe risks of smoking are hardly a wellguarded secret. The Smoking Can be Harmful to your health” warning is on every pack of cigarettes sold in the united states, and 97 percent of adults and teens agree that smoking is associated with lung cancer. Nearly as many people also acknowledge smoking’s links with other respiratory ailments and heart disease. A teentothegrave smoker has a 50 percent chance of dying from the habit. according to the World Health Organization(WHO), the death rate from smoking will soon grow to 10 million people in the world every year, meaning that half a billion people alive today will be killed by tobacco. Eliminating smoking would increase life expectancy worldwide more than any other preventive measure. It is no wonder then that, because smoking is generally viewed as the most important behavioral risk to health, it has bee a central concern of health psychologists. 吸煙的危險(xiǎn)幾乎不是一個(gè)保守的秘密。 在美國出售的每包香煙中，“吸煙對(duì)你的健康有害”是警告的，97％的成年人和青少年認(rèn)為吸煙與肺癌有關(guān)，幾乎同樣多的人也承認(rèn)吸煙與其他呼吸 疾病和心臟病，青少年吸煙者有50％的機(jī)會(huì)死于這種習(xí)慣，根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織（World Health Organization，WHO）的統(tǒng)計(jì)，吸煙的死亡率很快會(huì)增長到全球1000萬人 這意味著今天活著的五億人將會(huì)被吸煙所殺，與其他任何預(yù)防措施相比，消除吸煙將會(huì)增加全世界的預(yù)期壽命，這也就不足為奇了，因?yàn)槲鼰熞话惚徽J(rèn)為是最重要的行為風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 健康，已經(jīng)成為健康心理學(xué)家關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。Why do people start smoking?Smoking is a pediatric disease. It usually begins during early adolescence. It is especially mon among those who get low grades school who drop out of school, who feel less in control of their future, and whose friends, parents and siblings smoke. We learn behaviors through the models we imitate and the social rewards we receive, adolescents are selfconscious and often think the world is watching their every move. so, they may begin smoking to imitate cool models, to get the social rewards of being accepted by other smokers, and to project a mature image. Typically, teens who start smoking have friends as who smoke and suggest its pleasures, and who offer them cigarettes among teens whose parents and best friends are nonsmokers, the rate is close to zero.吸煙是一種兒科疾病。 它通常在青春期初期開始。 低年級(jí)學(xué)生輟學(xué)，對(duì)自己的未來掌控不足，朋友，父母和兄弟姐妹吸煙的情況尤其普遍。我們通過模仿的模式學(xué)習(xí)行為，獲得社會(huì)回報(bào)，青少年是自覺的，常常認(rèn)為世界正在觀察他們的一舉一動(dòng)。 那么他們可能會(huì)開始吸煙，模仿酷酷的模特，獲得被其他吸煙者接受的社會(huì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，并且展示一個(gè)成熟的形象。 通常情況下，開始吸煙的青少年有朋友抽煙，并建議他們吸煙的快樂并提供他們香煙。在父母和最好的朋友是非吸煙的青少年中，率接近于零Why do people not stop smoking?Once addicted to nicotine we find it very difficult to stop. Tobacco products are as addictive as heroin and cocaine. Studies in Britain and the Unite States show that at least one in three of those who try cigarettes bees hooked. This addiction to smoking is partly physiological。 smokers bees used to the effects of nicotine and experience painful withdrawal when they give it up. In addition, people bee physiologically dependent on smoking as a way of reducing anxiety and with particular situations. Because of these physiological and psychological forces , quitting is difficult and the relapse rate is high.一旦沉迷于尼古丁，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難停下來。 煙草產(chǎn)品與海洛因和可卡因一樣令人上癮。 英國和美國的研究顯示，至少有三分之一的香煙受到吸引。 這種吸煙上癮是部分生理上的。 吸煙者習(xí)慣了尼古丁的效果，當(dāng)他們放棄時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)歷痛苦的戒煙。 此外，人們?cè)谏砩弦蕾囄鼰熥鳛闇p輕焦慮和特殊情況的一種方式。 由于這些生理和心理因素，戒煙是困難的，復(fù)發(fā)率很高。Helping smokers quitPsychologists have helped develop a variety of behavior modification techniques to get people to stop smoking. These efforts include public warnings, counseling, drug treatments, hypnosis, aversive conditioning (., making people smoke cigarette after cigarette until they feel sick), and support groups. The good news is that these treatments are often effective. the bad news is that all but onefifth of the participants eventually succumb to the habit again. For those trying to quit by themselves, that is, without group support, the odds are even lower.心理學(xué)家已經(jīng)幫助開發(fā)了各種行為改變技術(shù)來讓人們戒煙。這些努力包括公共警告，咨詢，藥物治療，催眠，厭惡的調(diào)理（例如，讓人們?cè)谙銦熀蟪闊熤钡剿麄兏械讲皇娣┖椭С謭F(tuán)體。好消息是，這些治療往往是有效的。壞消息是，只有五分之一的參與者最終再次屈服于這種習(xí)慣。對(duì)于那些試圖自行退出的人來說，沒有群體的支持，這個(gè)可能性就更小了。Better news es from the Centers for Disease Control(CDC) which reports that half of Americans who have ever smoked do manage to quit eventually after repeated attempts. Because so many people have stopped or not started smoking, the percentage of American, Canadian and British smokers has dropped sharply over the last 30 years. The drop has been most pronounced in these countries in the male smoking rate, which now barely exceeds that of women. Thanks in part to such trends, the death rate due to coronary heart disease in these countries has declined by about 30 percent since the mid1960s smokingrelated cancer deaths have also been declining, especially among men.據(jù)美國疾病控制中心（CDC）報(bào)道，有好消息稱，有一半的美國人在反復(fù)嘗試后終于戒掉了煙。因?yàn)橛心敲炊嗳私錈熁虿晃鼰?，美國、加拿大和英國煙民的比例在過去30年里急劇下降。在這些國家，男性吸煙率下降最為明顯，目前吸煙率幾乎不超過女性。部分由于這樣的趨勢(shì)，冠心病在這些國家的死亡率已經(jīng)下降了約30%，自上世紀(jì)60年代開始吸煙有關(guān)的癌癥死亡人數(shù)也在下降，尤其是男性。 However, despite declining cigarette sales among educated. Western adults, per capita cigarette consumption is near an alltime high worldwide. smoking has skyrocketed in Asia. in china, where many men, but no more than 1 in 10 women smoke cigarette consumption soared from 100 billion cigarettes a year in the early 1950s to trillion at the century’s end. In Japan, 35 percent (50 percent of men) are smokers. Today, cigarette panies are targeting developing countries, such as Kenya and Zimbabwe, where rates of cigarette consumption have been historically low. the WHO therefore has predicted that in the next three decades, 70 percent of tobaccorelated deaths will occur in developing countries, where people tend to be less aware of the dangers of smoking.然而，盡管受過教育的卷煙銷售下滑。西方成年人的人均卷煙消費(fèi)量接近全球歷史最高水平。吸煙在亞洲迅速蔓延。在中國，男人很多，但是在十幾歲的女人中，每十年只有十分之一的女人吸煙的消費(fèi)量從五十年代初期的每年1000億支。在日本，35％（50％的男性）是吸煙者。今天，卷煙公司正在瞄準(zhǔn)發(fā)展中國家，比如