【正文】 inted out that... 有人推薦，有人建議It is proposed that... 有人提出It was told that... 有人曾經說It was first intended that... 最初就有這樣的想法It will be said that... 有人會說It will be seen from this that... 由此可見，因此可知It was noted above that... 前面已經指出It must be admitted that... 必須承認，老實說It has been illustrated that... 據(jù)圖示，據(jù)說明It is stressed that... 有人強調說It is stressed that... 有人列舉出了It can not be denied that... 無可否認It can be said without exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸張的說It is sometimes asked that...人們有時會問It was felt that... 有人認識到了It is universally accepted that... 人們普遍認為It is unanimously agreed that... 大家一致同意It is alleged that... 據(jù)說It is calculated that... 據(jù)計算It has been proved that... 已經證明It has been found that... 人們已經發(fā)現(xiàn)It is still to be hoped that... 我們仍然希望It is wellknown that... 眾所周知，大家都知道It should be realized that... 我們應該認識到……4） 長句處理一般來說, 造成長句的原因有三方面: (1) 修飾語過多；(2) 并列成分多；(3) 語言結構層次多。 在分析長句時可以采用下面的方法a. 確定句子的主、謂、賓，從整體上把握句子結構。b. 找出非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞等“節(jié)點”詞，以及句中所有謂語結構。c. 分析從句和短語的功能，添加適當?shù)倪B接詞。例如，是否為主語從句， 賓語從句， 表語從句等，若是狀語，它是表示時間、原因、結果、還是表示條件等等。d. 分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關系，例如，定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個等。e. 注意插入語等其他成分。f. 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。英譯漢長句翻譯原則：化整為零 分散解決。具體技巧歸納如下：嵌入：例：In the meantime, a growing China has started to help solve global problems, from support for the government of Afghanism to the fight against AIDS.參考譯文：與此同時，日益強大的中國已經開始幫助解決從支持阿富汗政府到抗擊愛滋病之類的全球性問題。練習12.Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.拆譯例：Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survivals, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.重組例：The saga of the White Star Liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1500 passengers to their death, has been celerated in print and on film, in poetry and song.順序法當英語長句的內容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時, 譯文可沿用英語原文的順序。例如:例：Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms airconditioned.例： But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. 練習13.Prior to the twentieth century，women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the maledominated culture.練習14.It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event。 it grows as a mature interest in the variety and plexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures。 it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man39。s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.練習15. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.逆序英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時必須從原文后面開始翻譯。例1. It therefore bees more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 分析：該句由一個主句, 一個條件狀語從句和一個賓語從句組成?！啊兊迷絹碓街匾笔侵骶?，也是全句的中心內容，全句共有三個謂語結構，包含三層含義：A. ……變的越來越重要；B. 如果要使學生充分利用他們的機會；C. 得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息，作更多的指導。為了使譯文符合漢語的表達習慣，我們也采用逆序法，翻譯成： 如果要使學生充分利用他們(上大學)的機會，就得為他們提供大量關于課程的更為詳盡的信息，作更多的指導。這個問題因此而顯得越來越重要了。練習16. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to bee increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.練習17.They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old musclepower jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.練習18.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of being white collar workers.練習19.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world。 they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insecteating animals.分句有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系并不十分密切，翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣，把長句的從句或短語化成句子，分開來敘述。為使語意連貫，可適當增詞。例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four.例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.分析: 在此長句中，有一個插入語“it is often said”，三個并列的謂語結構，還有一個定語從句，這三個并列的謂語結構盡管在結構上同屬于同一個句子，但都有獨立的意義，因此在翻譯時，可以采用分句法，按照漢語的習慣把整個句子分解成幾個獨立的分句。參考譯文：人們常說，通過電視可以了解時事、掌握科學和政治的最新動態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。例3. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly plex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.綜合上面我們講述了英語長句的六種翻譯方法，事實上，在翻譯一個英語長句時，很多時候單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便，這就需要我們對原文進行仔細分析，或按照時間的先后，或按照邏輯順序，順逆結合，主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理，綜合運用各種方法，而不只是單純地使用某一種翻譯方法。 例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as