【正文】 詞常常是：because（因?yàn)椋?，since（既然，由于），as（因?yàn)椋?，now that（既然），seeing that（既然），considering that（考慮到，因?yàn)椋?，in that（在某方面），in view of the fact that（鑒于）。We can39。（三）譯成條件句由于時(shí)間狀語的引導(dǎo)詞除了顯示時(shí)間關(guān)系之外，有時(shí)候可以表示條件關(guān)系，所以還可以翻譯為條件句。（二）譯成“一（剛、每）...就”的結(jié)構(gòu)I’ll let you know as soon as I have it arranged.參考譯文：我一安排好就通知你。翻譯的時(shí)候，一般翻譯在主句的前面。重點(diǎn)關(guān)注復(fù)雜狀語從句在漢語譯文中應(yīng)該在的位置，以及如何將其與主句之間自然地連接起來，使之符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。2）狀語的翻譯狀語從句內(nèi)容豐富，涉及面廣，可以用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、等意義。練習(xí)07.Newton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on the dark winter mornings.u 有些定語從句具有狀語從句的作用，根據(jù)句意可添加適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。a. 限制性定語從句通常譯成漢語中的前置定語；例：But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.練習(xí)06.In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a petent job on political stories.b. 非限制性定語從句通常譯作后置的并列分句。限制性定語從句較非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系更為緊密，非限制性定語從句則是對先行詞作補(bǔ)充性敘述或說明。例如：The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us. 譯文：這些事件引起了我們的重視。例如：He showed a strong dislike for father’s business. 譯文：他對他父親的生意表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的厭惡(不喜歡)。例如：The problem is not beyond our reach. 譯文：這個(gè)問題我們能解決。例如：He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious（反復(fù)無常的）. 譯文：他這個(gè)人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無常。例如：It is the only possession that I have not given up. 譯文：這是我所保留的唯一財(cái)產(chǎn)。 The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 譯文：調(diào)查結(jié)果清楚地說明病人死于癌癥。a. 動詞及短語。The decision has to e. 譯文：決定尚未作出。g. 習(xí)慣用法，例如：He is anything but a writer. 參考譯文：他決不是一個(gè)作家。e. 連接詞，例如：The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered.參考譯文：戰(zhàn)士們寧愿戰(zhàn)死也決不投降。c. 形容詞及其短語，例如：The light in the classroom is poor. 參考譯文：教室里的光線不足。a. 動詞及短語，例如：As a result, many people avoided the very attempts that are the source of true happiness.參考譯文：結(jié)果，很多人沒有嘗試，而這些嘗試正是幸福的源泉。以保證在不改變原文意思的情況下，使語句更加通順流暢。但有時(shí)，如果一味的按照原文的肯定形式或否定形式來翻譯，會出現(xiàn)表達(dá)不通順，或不符合漢語習(xí)慣的情況。d. 副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞The light was on, the TV was playing, but nobody was in.參考譯文：燈開著，電視放著節(jié)目，但沒人在家。b. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞He was popular among young people. 參考譯文：他在年輕人中很受歡迎。英語中由動詞派生出的抽象名詞往往譯成漢語時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。因此，在翻譯時(shí)，要靈活處理，不一定拘泥于原句所用的詞性，根據(jù)譯文的需要可以進(jìn)行一些詞性的適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換。3)．詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法英語和漢語的詞類大部分重合。c. 動詞的省略有些動詞的意思在漢語中不用說出，句子的表達(dá)更符合漢語習(xí)慣。這樣，一些說明主語狀態(tài)、情況的系動詞通?？梢允÷圆蛔g。例如：Summer is the best season for trees.參考譯文：對樹木來說夏天是最佳季節(jié)。英譯漢時(shí)，在一般情況下，如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)事物（尤其是無生命的事物）數(shù)量很多，通常忽略不譯復(fù)數(shù)形式。英語中的冠詞、代詞、連詞、介詞以及名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化，在不影響原句意義表達(dá)時(shí)經(jīng)常可以省略不譯，這樣可以使譯文更加簡單明了。f. 增加概括詞或名詞While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.參考譯文：雖然兩組做的猜測都比隨機(jī)猜測的準(zhǔn)確度高，但每組中都有近一半的參加者做出了兩次或更多的錯(cuò)誤選擇。d. 增加解釋詞語This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.參考譯文：盡管有種種不周全之處，這個(gè)計(jì)劃仍被認(rèn)為是最佳計(jì)劃之一。b. 增加助詞At last my dream e true. 參考譯文：我的夢想終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了。1）增詞法增詞法是指在翻譯時(shí)根據(jù)意義上、修辭上或句法上的需要，在原文的基礎(chǔ)上增加一些必要的單詞、詞組、分句或完整句，以便更加忠實(shí)、通順的表達(dá)原文思想內(nèi)容，使得譯文在語法和語言形式上符合譯文語言習(xí)慣。”練習(xí)05.In America, plans by the government to allow government agencies and intelligence services easy access to telephone conversations and electronic mail have caused considerable concern.句子分析：plans by the government ：由政府做出的to allow government agencies and intelligence services easy Access to telephone conversations and electronic mail這是由to引導(dǎo)出的不定式短語，用來解釋plans的內(nèi)容：題目的主干內(nèi)容簡化為：In America, plans have caused considerable concern.2．英譯漢翻譯中“表達(dá)性”的實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)：u 不歪曲或者削弱原句各個(gè)成分之間的邏輯聯(lián)系；u 符合漢語的思維與表達(dá)習(xí)慣；原則：u 破：打“碎”原有英語句子的順序；u 立：對單句進(jìn)行重組。s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.練習(xí)04.This intuition that looks matter little may be another instance of our denying real influences upon us，for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction.句子分析This intuition [ that （looks matter little）] may be another instance（of our denying real influences upon us），for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that （appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction））.This intuition [ that （looks matter little）] 這種認(rèn)為外貌并不重要的直覺行為 another instance（of our denying real influences upon us），我們否認(rèn)對我們真正有影響的事物的又一個(gè)例子注意：for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that （appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction））.直譯：因?yàn)檫@里有表明了外表是否是最初引人注意的重要決定因素的大量的研究調(diào)查結(jié)果。練習(xí)03.（選自1999年考研真題閱讀）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always inplete and scattered。 感覺到That 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，主謂齊全these responses are very valuable, 232。例：Those（who love the fine arts） feel that （these responses are very valuable), （for they expand our awareness of the great richness of life itself）.分析：1) 這個(gè)句子中的動詞有：love、feel、are、expand；2) 這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，不存在并列結(jié)構(gòu)，因此主句的“真”謂語只有一個(gè)；3) Who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，主謂應(yīng)齊全，如果謂語是及物動詞，須有賓語；Those who love the fine arts. 232。u 從句也是句，亦是“主、謂（賓）”齊全。都可以構(gòu)成分詞短語作定語、狀語等修飾語。練習(xí)01.They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. 四、不定式to：不定式常常構(gòu)成不定式短語，作定語或者狀語。參考譯文1：這種“認(rèn)為從道德上來講，折磨一只猴子跟砍柴是一樣”的觀點(diǎn)可能顯得既大膽又有邏輯，實(shí)際上卻是再膚淺不過：其混亂的中心思想正好說明它不攻自破。例：1997年考研真題This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equ