【正文】 , of, to等介詞常常引導(dǎo)介詞短語作修飾語。）例： One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive.One of the chief concerns of wildlife management：人們對野生動物管理的關(guān)注點之一the protection and improvement of the natural habitat： 對自然棲息地的保護(hù)和改善連詞連詞分為：并列連詞和從屬連詞并列連詞如and, or, but, yet, for等，連接并列句；從屬連詞如：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, thought, although, so that, such...... that ......等等，連接狀語從句；這些詞可以幫助我們把長句子在合理的地方斷開，變成2個或多個短句，便于理清結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)行翻譯。5) 讓句子通順，符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣，就成了：如今，世界相互間的關(guān)聯(lián)非常緊密，以至于局部事件的發(fā)生必定會對國際社會有所影響。 例： One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive.（27個單詞）這顯然是一個長句子。并且根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣，我們完全可以把這句話翻譯成兩個短句：a) 人們對野生動物管理的關(guān)注點之一是如何保護(hù)和改善它們的自然棲息地。從邏輯上分析，b顯然是a的目的和結(jié)果。關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞包括：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等；關(guān)系副詞包括：when（在……什么時候）, where（在……哪兒）, how（通過……手段）, why（因為……原因）等。u 關(guān)系副詞可以連接狀語從句，該從句相當(dāng)于一個副詞短語，用于修飾謂語動詞。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于一個名詞詞組，在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語。這句話可以分解成：a) This view holds that （torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood）；b) This view may seem bravely “l(fā)ogical”. c) In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it.翻譯成：這種認(rèn)為“從道德上來講，折磨一只猴子跟砍柴是一樣”的觀點。我們可以調(diào)整譯文中句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，讓它顯得不是那么長：參考譯文2：這種觀點認(rèn)為：從道德上來講，折磨一只猴子跟砍柴是一樣的，這種想法可能顯得既大膽又有邏輯，實際上卻是再膚淺不過：其混亂的中心思想正好說明它不攻自破/是對它本身的反駁。引導(dǎo)目的狀語的時候，可以翻譯成：“以”“以便于”“為了”“其目的是”例：Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their young safely. 練習(xí)02.Owing to the remarkable development in mass munications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed pared with the past. For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the munity and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are being increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.五、分詞：分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。過去分詞有可能包含的語法含義：過去時、被動現(xiàn)在分詞有可能包含的語法含義：進(jìn)行時、主動在英譯漢分析句子時需要把握的幾項原則：u 任何一個不存在并列結(jié)構(gòu)句子中都只能有一個“真”主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，再有其它動詞出現(xiàn)的話，一定是在從句里或者是to不定式中，或是現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞的形式，一定是從屬成分。u 定語（從句，of短語）翻譯成漢語后置于所修飾詞的前面。 那些熱愛美術(shù)的人們Feel ( 主干句中的“真”動詞) 232。這些反應(yīng)彌足珍貴For 引導(dǎo)一個原因狀語從句，主謂賓齊全they expand our awareness of the great richness of life itself.因為這些感覺能夠使我們對生活本身的豐富多彩有更多的認(rèn)識。 it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian39。此句的直譯顯然不符合漢語語言習(xí)慣，因此要對其漢語結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)調(diào)整：“因為有大量調(diào)查研究的結(jié)果表明，外表是最初是否引人注意的重要決定因素。實現(xiàn)“表達(dá)性”目的的具體技巧：（一）詞匯轉(zhuǎn)換英漢詞語在表達(dá)方式上差異較大，翻譯時往往需要在詞的數(shù)量上進(jìn)行增減，或者對詞性進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。a. 增加動詞We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability.參考譯文：我們所關(guān)心的是全面發(fā)展學(xué)生的各種能力，不僅僅是發(fā)展智力。c. 增加表時態(tài)的詞It’s time to determine whether candidates have such aptitudes and characteristics.參考譯文：現(xiàn)在是確定候選人是否具有這樣的能力和特征問題的時候了。e. 增加表語態(tài)的詞Most of those who did not move offered only passive resistance, but some fighting broke out.參考譯文：那些沒有動的人們大部分都只是消極抵抗，但還是發(fā)生了一些沖突。2)．減詞法英譯漢時，由于英漢兩種語言的差異，不僅有時需要增補詞語，有時還需要省略一些詞語。a. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的忽略在漢語中，名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。需要體現(xiàn)時，可以添加“這些”等表達(dá)方式。b. 系動詞的省略英語中必須由動詞擔(dān)當(dāng)謂語，而在漢語中形容詞、介詞等都可以當(dāng)謂語。例如：As already discussed, the disease, if present at all, is usually a rather steady and continuous process.參考譯文：如上所述，一旦此病發(fā)作，其病程通常頑固而持久。例如：Stainless steel possesses good hardness and high strength.參考譯文：不銹鋼硬度大，強度高。但是在英語中可以充當(dāng)某個句子成分的詞類相對較少，例如：英語中充當(dāng)主語的只有名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的動名詞或不定式，充當(dāng)謂語的只有動詞；而漢語中，名詞、動詞、形容詞都可以做主語、謂語、賓語以及表語。a. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞漢語句子中，動詞使用較多，而英語句子中只有一個謂語動詞。例如：There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.參考譯文：學(xué)生家長普遍認(rèn)為學(xué)校對教單詞拼寫不再感興趣了。c. 動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of the illness were quite aware of its potential oute.參考譯文：給我們留下極深印象的是：即便那些沒有被告知其病情的病人對其疾病的潛在后果也非常清楚。（二）正反譯與反正譯通常翻譯時，英語原文是肯定句或否定句，譯為漢語時也采取相應(yīng)的形式即可。這時，就需要在原文和譯文之間進(jìn)行反面表達(dá)（否定形式）與正面表達(dá)（肯定形式），的轉(zhuǎn)換。1）．正反譯所謂正反譯是指原文通過正面（肯定形式）表達(dá)的詞或句子，譯文以反面（否定形式）來表達(dá)。b. 有些形容詞的比較級和最高級可表示否定意義，例如：At present it is generally accepted, although more as a selfevident statement than on the base of a closelyreasoned scientific proof.參考譯文：目前，這個觀點已被普遍接受，雖然它是不言而喻的，并不是根據(jù)科學(xué)嚴(yán)密推理而證明的。d. 介詞及其短語，例如：His answer is beside the mark. 參考譯文：他的回答文不對題。f. 名詞，例如：Behave yourself during my absence. 參考譯文：我不在時要規(guī)矩點。The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.參考譯文：島民發(fā)現(xiàn)自己遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有做好作戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備。2）．反正譯所謂反正譯是指原文通過反面（否定形式）表達(dá)的詞或句子，譯文以正面（肯定形式）來表達(dá)。例如：The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 譯文：雖經(jīng)他一再解釋，疑團(tuán)仍然存在。 b. 副詞。 c. 形容詞及其短語。 d. 介詞及其短語。 e. 名詞。 f. 句子。（三）特定成分的翻譯： 1）定語從句的翻譯：英語的定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。這兩種定語從句在翻譯成漢語時也有明顯區(qū)別。例：In almost all developing countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards. c. 過于復(fù)雜的定語從句：u 限制性定語從句也可放在先行詞后面來翻譯，獨立成句；例：They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.參考譯文：他們都在為了實現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人為了這個理想犧牲了自己的生命。例：Norway is, quite natu