【正文】 ures? how does it function in conveying meaning? ⑴ the phonological features that occur above the sound segmental level are called suprasegmental features. ⑵the major suprasegmental features of English includes word stress, sentence stress and intonation. ⑶ The suprasegmental features distinguish meaning. 超切分特征是在語音切分成分層面之上的音系特征。 主要包括單詞重音、語句重音和語調(diào)。 超切分特征區(qū)分意義。 is the nature of language change in historical linguistics? 語言的本質(zhì)在歷史語言學(xué)中的含義？ ⑴language change is inevitable. ⑵as a general rule, language change is universal, continuous,to a considerable degree, regular and systematic. ⑶language change is extensive, taking place in virtually all aspects of the grammar—in phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon and semantics. ⑷when language change is in progress, phonemes, morphemes, words, and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost, or altered, and meanwhile, the meaning of individual lexical items or strings of words may expand ,narrow,or shift. ’s the difference between the instrumental motivation and the integrative motivation of the learner’s?工具性與介入性學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)的不同點(diǎn)？ ⑴usually, adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a municative need, they may learn a second language in order to use it functionally when they intend to use it as an instrument for the purpose. ⑵in certain situations an integrative motivation may be more powerful in facilitations may count for more. ⑶when the target language functions as a foreign language ,the learner is likely to benefit from an integrative motivation。 ⑷but when the target language functions as a second language, an instrumental motivation is more effective. many morphemes are there in the English language? state what they are and illustrate how they work? ⑴there are two: free and bound morphemes. ⑵free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. ⑶bound morphemes are those that cant be used independently but have to bined with other morphemes. ⑷either free or bound, to form a word, it includes 2types: A root is often seen as part of a word,it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning, it must be bined with another root or an affix to form a word. ⑸Affixes are morphemes that are added to an already existing morpheme to form a new word while changing its meaning and grammatical relations. it consists of both inflectional and derivational affixes, 音素、音位、音位變體的定義及關(guān)系Explain with examples 3notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, how they are related. ⑴A phone is a speech sound, it is a phonetic unit. any sound we hear in the course of munication is a phone, such as [ u:],[ l ]。 ⑵A phoneme is a phonological unit, it’s not a concrete sound but an abstract notion, it’s a collection of features. it can be realized as different phones in different phonetic contexts. Such as ,the phoneme[ l ] can be realized as a clear[ l ] or a dark [ l ],depending on where it occurs in a sound bination. ⑶The actually phonetic realization of a phoneme are called its allophones, allophones are the actual phones we hear in linguistic munication.aremajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeseachstudy?語言學(xué)范疇內(nèi)容知識(shí)Phoneticsit‘sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it‘sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld‘slanguages.Phonologythestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.MorphologyIt‘sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntaxit39。sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.SemanticsIt‘ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmaticsthestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Others非考試要求內(nèi)容dowesaylanguageisarbitrary?Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,it‘sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.Atypicalexampletoillustratethe?arbitrariness‘oflanguageis?arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet‘.3.whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguage，其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon‘high‘writtenlanguage.傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級(jí)’書面語。modernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?whyModernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresentdaylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語言。除非對(duì)語言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語言進(jìn)行描述。enjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:⑴Speechprecedes160