植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)試題word版-資料下載頁(yè)
2025-01-08 08:38本頁(yè)面
【正文】 鉀能力取決于土壤中速效鉀的含量和緩效鉀的釋放速率 沙質(zhì)土壤，酸性土壤，有機(jī)土和耕作強(qiáng)度大的土壤容易出現(xiàn)缺鉀 植物吸收鉀受土壤水分，土壤通氣狀況，土壤溫度和耕作狀況影響 鉀肥應(yīng)該優(yōu)先施用于： 缺鉀的土壤 沙質(zhì)土壤 喜鉀作物 高產(chǎn)田塊 （ 2） 作物種類(lèi) 忌氯作物應(yīng)優(yōu)先施用硫酸鉀如煙草，甜菜，馬鈴薯等 對(duì) Cl不敏感的 大田作物可以施用 KCl，油栗和可可還表現(xiàn)除對(duì) Cl的喜好 作物的種類(lèi)與品種 不同作物對(duì)鉀的要求不同，對(duì)鉀肥反應(yīng)不一 鉀肥對(duì)不同作物效果的順序?yàn)椋好藁?大豆、芝麻，油菜 雜交水稻，花生 水稻、小麥 （ 3）肥料 硝酸鉀主要用于果樹(shù)和園藝作物的葉面噴肥 固鉀能力強(qiáng)的和淋溶強(qiáng)的土壤鉀肥宜采取少量多次的施用方法 同時(shí)注意鉀與其他元素間的平衡 K deficient soil Sandy soil Crops prefer to K High production fields （ 2） Crop species Some chlorophobic species should be treated with K2SO4 preferentially（ include tobacco, sugar cane and potato） Most field crops not sensitive to chloride can be treated with KCl. Oil palms and coconut even appear to have a chloride requirement . Crop species and genotypes have different requirement and reaction to K fertilizers. The sequence of crops response to K fertilizers: Cotton ＞ soybean, sesame, rape＞ hybrid rice， peanut＞ rice， wheat （ 3） Fertilizer KNO3 is mainly used for spraying on leaves of fruit trees and horticultural crops . Applying of K frequently in small amount on soils with high K fixation or leaching. The balance of K and other essential elements 、種肥、追肥在肥料選擇的原則，施用時(shí)期的差異及其對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)的意義。 答： 遲效性肥料、在土壤中不 易流失的肥料，以改土為主的肥料都適宜作基肥 ， 基肥是滿足作物整個(gè)生育期對(duì)肥料的需求，一般在播種前施用，形態(tài)以長(zhǎng)效肥料或有機(jī)肥為主； 速效性的對(duì)種子或幼苗無(wú)害的肥料都可作種肥 ， 種肥和種子一起施在播種溝內(nèi)（有的分開(kāi)、有的不分開(kāi)），播種時(shí)施入，目的是滿足作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)臨界期對(duì)養(yǎng)分的需求； 速效性肥料和能較快轉(zhuǎn)化為作物能吸收形態(tài)的肥料都宜作追肥 ， 根外追肥所用肥料一般是水溶性速效態(tài)肥料， 追肥是在作物生長(zhǎng)期施用的肥料，目的是滿足作物在養(yǎng)分最大效率期對(duì)養(yǎng)分的需求 。 種肥、追肥以施用速效肥料為主，但是種肥不能施用具有吸濕性、發(fā)熱性、揮發(fā) 性的肥料。 Slowacting fertilizer, soil loss is not easy in the fertilizer, to reform the landbased fertilizers are suitable for basal, basal crop throughout the growing period to meet the demand for fertilizer, usually applied before planting, to form longterm fertilizer or anic fatbased。 quick result on seeds or seedlings can be as harmless fertilizer types of fertilizer, seed and fertilizer applied with seed at planting trench (some separately, some do not separate), was applied at planting time, designed to meet the critical period of crop nutrient needs for nutrients。 quick result can be quickly converted into fertilizer and crop can absorb all forms of fertilizer should be top dressing, foliage spray used in watersoluble fertilizers are generally quick state fertilizer, fertilizer is applied in the crop growing season fertilizer in order to meet crop nutrient maximum efficiency in the period of nutrient needs. Kinds of fertilizer, manurebased fertilizer to use quick, but the kinds of fat can not use a moisture absorption, heat resistance, volatile fertilizer. ，氮素?fù)p失的途徑有哪些？提高氮肥利用率的相應(yīng)措施是哪些？ 答 ： 1）主要損失途徑是氨的揮發(fā)，硝態(tài)氮的淋失和反硝化脫氮。 2）提高氮肥利用率的途徑是：根據(jù)土壤條件合理分配氮肥，根據(jù)土壤的供氮能力，在 含氮量高的土壤少施用氮肥，質(zhì)地粗的土壤要少量多次施用，減少氮的損失；根據(jù)作物營(yíng)養(yǎng) 特性和肥料性質(zhì)合理分配氮肥，需氮量大得多分配，銨態(tài)氮在堿性土壤上要深施覆土，增加 土 壤對(duì)銨的吸附，減少氨的揮發(fā)和硝化作用，防止硝態(tài)氮的淋失和反硝化脫氮，硝態(tài)氮不是 宜在水田施用，淹水條件易引起反硝化脫氮；氮肥與有機(jī)肥及磷鉀肥配合施用，養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)均 衡，提高氮肥利用率；施用緩效氮肥，使氮緩慢釋放，在土壤中保持較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，提高氮肥利 用率。 ① Loss is the main pathway of ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching and denitrification. ② To improve nitrogen use efficiency through: rational allocation of nitrogen fertilizer based on soil conditions, according to soil nitrogen supply, high nitrogen content in soil less nitrogen fertilizer, soil texture, thick application to a few times, to reduce nitrogen losses。 the crop nutritional characteristics and the nature of rational allocation of nitrogen fertilizer, to be much larger allocation of nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen in alkaline soil to deep application casing, increased soil adsorption of ammonium to reduce ammonia volatilization and nitrification, to prevent nitrate leaching and denitrification, nitrate is not advised to use in paddy fields, flooded conditions lead to denitrification。 P and K fertilizer and anic manure and fertilizer application, nutrient supply balance, improve nitrogen use efficiency。 application of slowrelease nitrogen fertilizer , the slow release of nitrogen in the soil to maintain a longer time to improve nitrogen use efficiency. ，磷素?fù)p失的途徑有哪些？提高磷肥利用率的相應(yīng)措施是哪些？ 答： ① 磷肥的主要損失途徑是固定， 固定機(jī)制 : 二鈣→八鈣→十 鈣 ② 防止損失的 關(guān)鍵 A 減小與土壤的接觸 B 增大與根系的接觸 ③ 措施 A 制成顆粒肥料 B 集中施用 : 溝施、穴施、分層施用 C 與有機(jī)肥料配合施用 D 與生理酸性肥料配合施用 E 根外施肥 ① Phosphate pathway is the major loss of fixed ， Fixed mechanism: two Ca → Ca → eight ten calcium ② The key is to prevent loss: contact with the soil。B. Increased contact with the roots ③ Measures: of granular fertilizer on application: Summer, fertilizing, layered application the application of anic fertilizer physiological acid fertilizer with the application outside the fertilization
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