【導讀】臨時性或一次性：明確的開始與結束。項目的4個特征中最重要的2個是什么？項目與日常運營的共性與區(qū)別？是臨時性與獨特性的綜合。之滿足項目需要。有效的計劃和控制；，也是管理藝術。以一個單獨階段或項目過程為基礎。單一項目就是項目群的子項目。在很多情況下可以互用。公司戰(zhàn)略與可用資源有機結合的一種投資管理戰(zhàn)略。負責協(xié)調許多項目及不同產(chǎn)品交織一起的大型項目。可作為組織的一個部門。沖突在項目生命周期中最多的階段是？制約因素的幾個可能的來源是什么?

　　

【正文】 entified defect before the customer receives the product ? 外部失敗（故障）成本 External Failure Cost cost incurred due to errors detected by the customer. This includes warranty cost, field service personnel training cost, plaint handling, and future business losses. ? 測量與檢測設備成本 Measurement and Test Equipment capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities. By Dai Lian Page75 QA and QC Comparison ? 質量保證 (QA): 在質量體系中實施的全部有計劃、有系統(tǒng)的活動，以提供滿足項目相關標準的信心。 ? 質量控制 (QC): 一個過程，用來監(jiān)控具體項目結果，以決定他們是否符合相關的質量標準，并識別消除不滿意績效的成因。 QA Managerial process Organize Designs programs/processes Sets objectives Provide resources Develops procedures QC Technical aspect of Quality Examines Analyzes Monitors conformance Provides reporting By Dai Lian Page76 質量控制中要區(qū)分以下概念 – 預防 (prevention)與檢查 (inspection) – 特性抽樣 (attribute sampling)與變量抽樣 (variable sampling) – 特殊原因 (special cause)與隨機原因 (random cause) – 許可的誤差 (Tolerance/Threshold)與控制限度 (control limits) By Dai Lian Page77 質量工具 Quality Tools – 流程圖 – 曲線圖 – 帕累托圖（ Pareto Diagram） 80/20定理 – 因果圖（魚骨圖 /Ishikawa圖） – 圖表（ Graphs） – 控制圖（ Control Charts） – 核對表（ Checksheets） By Dai Lian Page78 Sampling ?確定樣本大小 ? Before reject product, benchmark the number of defect(this is the management responsibility). ? Methods – Acceptance – Attribute – Special Attribute ? Continuous sampling ? Chain ? Skiplot – Variable sampling By Dai Lian Page79 不斷改進（ Continues Improvement Process） PDCA (戴明 Deming): ? 計劃 Plan – 提高當前的實踐 improve the present practice ? 執(zhí)行 Do –計劃的實施 implement the plan ? 檢查 Check – 通過測試來觀察是否得到了期望的結果。 test to see if desired results are achieved ? 行動 Act – 實施糾正行動。 Implement corrective Action 戴明還闡述說： 85%的質量問題應由管理層負責，另外 15%由團隊成員負責。 Deming also stated that 85% of poor quality is attributable to the management, 15% to the team members. By Dai Lian Page80 Taguchi’s theory ?Quality should be designed into the product, not inspected into it. ?Quality is best achieved by minimizing the deviation from a target. The product should be designed to be immune to uncontrollable environmental factors. ?The cost of quality should be measured as a function of deviation from the standard and the losses should be measured systemwide. By Dai Lian Page81 A A R 接受 A R A 測試 A C R 設計 A C R 需求 E D C B A R—負責 A—協(xié)助 C—審查 責任分配矩陣可在各個等級實行 責任分配矩陣 By Dai Lian Page82 PM Roles and Responsibilities ? Integrator 集成者 ?是看到項目目標及項目如何融入組織整體計劃的人。 PM is the most likely person who can view both the project and the way it fits into the overall plan for the anization. ?協(xié)調項目團隊的努力。 Must coordinate the efforts of all the units of the project team. ? Communicator : 水平，垂直，內外，正式非正式等 ? Team Leader ? Decision Maker ? Climate Creator or Builder ?The PM should attempt to build a supportive atmosphere so that project team members work together and not against one another. ?Seek to avoid unrest and negative forms of conflict by building supportive atmosphere early. By Dai Lian Page83 權力的類型 ? 法定 （ Legitimate or Formal): ?基于一個人在公司中的正式地位。 Based on a person39。s formal position in the pany. ?獎賞 Reward: ?提供好結果的能力。如：提升、漲工資等 Power to give positive consequences or outes. ?強制 Coercive (Penalty): ?提供壞結果的能力。如：停職、解聘等。 Refers to negative consequences that a person can inflict on others. ?威望 Referent : ?通過團隊成員將某人視為模范，崇拜并心甘情愿追隨而獲得的能力。 Power gained when team members admire, and willingly follow, an individual as a role model ?專家權威 Expert : ?通過在某方面公認的知識或技能水平而獲得的能力。 Refers to earned power through a recognized level of knowledge or skill in a specific area. Also called charisma. By Dai Lian Page84 領導風格 /決策模型 Leadership Styles / Decision Model ? Autocratic（ 獨裁型 ） : ? 項目經(jīng)理很少或根本不從團隊那里收集信息。 The PM solicits little or no information from team. ? 獨斷專行。 Makes decision solely. ? 又被稱為：指導型。 Also referred to as Directing. ? Consultive autocratic（ 咨詢獨裁型 ） : ? 從團隊那里收集大量信息。 Intensive information input is solicited from the team. ? 但自己作決定。 The PM still makes the decisions solely. ? 又被稱為：說服型。 May also be referred to as Persuading. By Dai Lian Page85 領導風格 /決策模型 Leadership Styles / Decision Model ? Democratic (民主型 ) ? 將問題交給團隊討論并收集信息。 Problem presented to the team for open discussion and information gathering. ?團隊做決策。 Team makes decision. ? 又被稱為：參與型。 Also referred to as Participating / Consensus Manager. ?Laissey Faire (自由放任型 ) ? 集體內上下之間很少或沒有信息交換 。 Little or no information exchange takes place within the group(Up and down). ? 團隊有最終決策權。 The team has the ultimate authority for the final decision. ?又被稱為：授權型。 Also referred to as Delegating / Shareholder Manager. ?注：這種類型被認為是拙劣的管理。 This style is considered to be poor management. By Dai Lian Page86 Maslow的需求層次理論 ?人與人之間存在需求差異。 生理 安全 愛和歸屬 自尊 自我實現(xiàn) By Dai Lian Page87 動機理論 Motivation Theories ? Theory X: (developed by McGregor to describe how managers relate to subordinates) ?Most people dislike their work and will avoid it. ?Most people lack ambition and have little capacity for problem solving and creativity. ?Workers prefer direction and avoid taking responsibility and initiative. ?Workers motivated only by Maslow39。s lower level needs (physiological and safety). ?Workers are selfcentered, indifferent to the needs of the anization, and resistant to change. ?Theory Y: (also developed by McGregor) ?Most people meet high performance expectations if appropriately motivated and the climate supportive. ?Most people are creative, imaginative, ambitious, and mitted to meeting the anization39。s goals. ?Most people are selfdisciplined, can direct and control themselves, desire responsibilities, and accept them willingly. ?Workers are motivated by M