【導(dǎo)讀】臨時性或一次性：明確的開始與結(jié)束。項(xiàng)目的4個特征中最重要的2個是什么？項(xiàng)目與日常運(yùn)營的共性與區(qū)別？是臨時性與獨(dú)特性的綜合。之滿足項(xiàng)目需要。有效的計(jì)劃和控制；，也是管理藝術(shù)。以一個單獨(dú)階段或項(xiàng)目過程為基礎(chǔ)。單一項(xiàng)目就是項(xiàng)目群的子項(xiàng)目。在很多情況下可以互用。公司戰(zhàn)略與可用資源有機(jī)結(jié)合的一種投資管理戰(zhàn)略。負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)調(diào)許多項(xiàng)目及不同產(chǎn)品交織一起的大型項(xiàng)目?？勺鳛榻M織的一個部門。沖突在項(xiàng)目生命周期中最多的階段是？制約因素的幾個可能的來源是什么?

　　

【正文】 entified defect before the customer receives the product ? 外部失敗（故障）成本 External Failure Cost cost incurred due to errors detected by the customer. This includes warranty cost, field service personnel training cost, plaint handling, and future business losses. ? 測量與檢測設(shè)備成本 Measurement and Test Equipment capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities. By Dai Lian Page75 QA and QC Comparison ? 質(zhì)量保證 (QA): 在質(zhì)量體系中實(shí)施的全部有計(jì)劃、有系統(tǒng)的活動，以提供滿足項(xiàng)目相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信心。 ? 質(zhì)量控制 (QC): 一個過程，用來監(jiān)控具體項(xiàng)目結(jié)果，以決定他們是否符合相關(guān)的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并識別消除不滿意績效的成因。 QA Managerial process Organize Designs programs/processes Sets objectives Provide resources Develops procedures QC Technical aspect of Quality Examines Analyzes Monitors conformance Provides reporting By Dai Lian Page76 質(zhì)量控制中要區(qū)分以下概念 – 預(yù)防 (prevention)與檢查 (inspection) – 特性抽樣 (attribute sampling)與變量抽樣 (variable sampling) – 特殊原因 (special cause)與隨機(jī)原因 (random cause) – 許可的誤差 (Tolerance/Threshold)與控制限度 (control limits) By Dai Lian Page77 質(zhì)量工具 Quality Tools – 流程圖 – 曲線圖 – 帕累托圖（ Pareto Diagram） 80/20定理 – 因果圖（魚骨圖 /Ishikawa圖） – 圖表（ Graphs） – 控制圖（ Control Charts） – 核對表（ Checksheets） By Dai Lian Page78 Sampling ?確定樣本大小 ? Before reject product, benchmark the number of defect(this is the management responsibility). ? Methods – Acceptance – Attribute – Special Attribute ? Continuous sampling ? Chain ? Skiplot – Variable sampling By Dai Lian Page79 不斷改進(jìn)（ Continues Improvement Process） PDCA (戴明 Deming): ? 計(jì)劃 Plan – 提高當(dāng)前的實(shí)踐 improve the present practice ? 執(zhí)行 Do –計(jì)劃的實(shí)施 implement the plan ? 檢查 Check – 通過測試來觀察是否得到了期望的結(jié)果。 test to see if desired results are achieved ? 行動 Act – 實(shí)施糾正行動。 Implement corrective Action 戴明還闡述說： 85%的質(zhì)量問題應(yīng)由管理層負(fù)責(zé)，另外 15%由團(tuán)隊(duì)成員負(fù)責(zé)。 Deming also stated that 85% of poor quality is attributable to the management, 15% to the team members. By Dai Lian Page80 Taguchi’s theory ?Quality should be designed into the product, not inspected into it. ?Quality is best achieved by minimizing the deviation from a target. The product should be designed to be immune to uncontrollable environmental factors. ?The cost of quality should be measured as a function of deviation from the standard and the losses should be measured systemwide. By Dai Lian Page81 A A R 接受 A R A 測試 A C R 設(shè)計(jì) A C R 需求 E D C B A R—負(fù)責(zé) A—協(xié)助 C—審查 責(zé)任分配矩陣可在各個等級實(shí)行 責(zé)任分配矩陣 By Dai Lian Page82 PM Roles and Responsibilities ? Integrator 集成者 ?是看到項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)及項(xiàng)目如何融入組織整體計(jì)劃的人。 PM is the most likely person who can view both the project and the way it fits into the overall plan for the anization. ?協(xié)調(diào)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的努力。 Must coordinate the efforts of all the units of the project team. ? Communicator : 水平，垂直，內(nèi)外，正式非正式等 ? Team Leader ? Decision Maker ? Climate Creator or Builder ?The PM should attempt to build a supportive atmosphere so that project team members work together and not against one another. ?Seek to avoid unrest and negative forms of conflict by building supportive atmosphere early. By Dai Lian Page83 權(quán)力的類型 ? 法定 （ Legitimate or Formal): ?基于一個人在公司中的正式地位。 Based on a person39。s formal position in the pany. ?獎賞 Reward: ?提供好結(jié)果的能力。如：提升、漲工資等 Power to give positive consequences or outes. ?強(qiáng)制 Coercive (Penalty): ?提供壞結(jié)果的能力。如：停職、解聘等。 Refers to negative consequences that a person can inflict on others. ?威望 Referent : ?通過團(tuán)隊(duì)成員將某人視為模范，崇拜并心甘情愿追隨而獲得的能力。 Power gained when team members admire, and willingly follow, an individual as a role model ?專家權(quán)威 Expert : ?通過在某方面公認(rèn)的知識或技能水平而獲得的能力。 Refers to earned power through a recognized level of knowledge or skill in a specific area. Also called charisma. By Dai Lian Page84 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格 /決策模型 Leadership Styles / Decision Model ? Autocratic（ 獨(dú)裁型 ） : ? 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理很少或根本不從團(tuán)隊(duì)那里收集信息。 The PM solicits little or no information from team. ? 獨(dú)斷專行。 Makes decision solely. ? 又被稱為：指導(dǎo)型。 Also referred to as Directing. ? Consultive autocratic（ 咨詢獨(dú)裁型 ） : ? 從團(tuán)隊(duì)那里收集大量信息。 Intensive information input is solicited from the team. ? 但自己作決定。 The PM still makes the decisions solely. ? 又被稱為：說服型。 May also be referred to as Persuading. By Dai Lian Page85 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格 /決策模型 Leadership Styles / Decision Model ? Democratic (民主型 ) ? 將問題交給團(tuán)隊(duì)討論并收集信息。 Problem presented to the team for open discussion and information gathering. ?團(tuán)隊(duì)做決策。 Team makes decision. ? 又被稱為：參與型。 Also referred to as Participating / Consensus Manager. ?Laissey Faire (自由放任型 ) ? 集體內(nèi)上下之間很少或沒有信息交換 。 Little or no information exchange takes place within the group(Up and down). ? 團(tuán)隊(duì)有最終決策權(quán)。 The team has the ultimate authority for the final decision. ?又被稱為：授權(quán)型。 Also referred to as Delegating / Shareholder Manager. ?注：這種類型被認(rèn)為是拙劣的管理。 This style is considered to be poor management. By Dai Lian Page86 Maslow的需求層次理論 ?人與人之間存在需求差異。 生理 安全 愛和歸屬 自尊 自我實(shí)現(xiàn) By Dai Lian Page87 動機(jī)理論 Motivation Theories ? Theory X: (developed by McGregor to describe how managers relate to subordinates) ?Most people dislike their work and will avoid it. ?Most people lack ambition and have little capacity for problem solving and creativity. ?Workers prefer direction and avoid taking responsibility and initiative. ?Workers motivated only by Maslow39。s lower level needs (physiological and safety). ?Workers are selfcentered, indifferent to the needs of the anization, and resistant to change. ?Theory Y: (also developed by McGregor) ?Most people meet high performance expectations if appropriately motivated and the climate supportive. ?Most people are creative, imaginative, ambitious, and mitted to meeting the anization39。s goals. ?Most people are selfdisciplined, can direct and control themselves, desire responsibilities, and accept them willingly. ?Workers are motivated by M