【正文】 生理 安全 愛和歸屬 自尊 自我實(shí)現(xiàn) By Dai Lian Page87 動(dòng)機(jī)理論 Motivation Theories ? Theory X: (developed by McGregor to describe how managers relate to subordinates) ?Most people dislike their work and will avoid it. ?Most people lack ambition and have little capacity for problem solving and creativity. ?Workers prefer direction and avoid taking responsibility and initiative. ?Workers motivated only by Maslow39。 Little or no information exchange takes place within the group(Up and down). ? 團(tuán)隊(duì)有最終決策權(quán)。 May also be referred to as Persuading. By Dai Lian Page85 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格 /決策模型 Leadership Styles / Decision Model ? Democratic (民主型 ) ? 將問題交給團(tuán)隊(duì)討論并收集信息。 Makes decision solely. ? 又被稱為：指導(dǎo)型。 Refers to negative consequences that a person can inflict on others. ?威望 Referent : ?通過團(tuán)隊(duì)成員將某人視為模范，崇拜并心甘情愿追隨而獲得的能力。 Based on a person39。 Implement corrective Action 戴明還闡述說： 85%的質(zhì)量問題應(yīng)由管理層負(fù)責(zé)，另外 15%由團(tuán)隊(duì)成員負(fù)責(zé)。 質(zhì)量成本類型 Quality Cost Category: ? 預(yù)防成本 Prevention Cost cost to plan and execute a project so that it will be errorfree ? 鑒定成本 Appraisal Cost cost of evaluating the processes and the outputs of the processes to ensure the product is errorfree ? 內(nèi)部失敗（故障）成本 Internal Failure Cost cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product ? 外部失?。ü收希┏杀? External Failure Cost cost incurred due to errors detected by the customer. This includes warranty cost, field service personnel training cost, plaint handling, and future business losses. ? 測量與檢測設(shè)備成本 Measurement and Test Equipment capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities. By Dai Lian Page75 QA and QC Comparison ? 質(zhì)量保證 (QA): 在質(zhì)量體系中實(shí)施的全部有計(jì)劃、有系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)，以提供滿足項(xiàng)目相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信心。將高級(jí)和低級(jí)工程師進(jìn)行多種組合，已確定最佳。 ? 范圍說明（ Scope statement） ? 產(chǎn)品描述（ Product description） ? 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范（ Standard and regulation） By Dai Lian Page73 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) Design of Experiments ?一種統(tǒng)計(jì)方法，幫助識(shí)別哪些因素將影響某種變量。 Responsible for the tasks they performed By Dai Lian Page72 Quality Planning 質(zhì)量計(jì)劃 ? 確定與項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并確定達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方法。 Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. Five misunderstandings about quality: 1. Quality means goodness or luxury. 2. Quality is intangible and not measurable. 3. Quality is Expensive. 4. Quality problem is originated by workers. 5. Quality originate in quality department. 區(qū)別質(zhì)量與等級(jí)：如酒店星級(jí) 區(qū)別質(zhì)量與鍍金（ Gold plating） By Dai Lian Page70 質(zhì)量目標(biāo) Quality Goals 質(zhì)量的目標(biāo)是： ? 適合于使用 Fitness for use. (產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)能否使用？ Is the product or service capable of being used?) ? 適合于目的 Fitness for purpose. (產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)？Does the product or service meet its intended purpose?) ? 顧客滿意 Customer satisfaction. (產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)滿足了顧客的期望？ Does the product or service meet the customer39。 – EVAC，節(jié)約； – EVAC，超支； – EVBV，超前； – EVBV，滯后。 3種方法： EAC=BAC/CPI (Default) EAC=AC + BACEV EAC= AC + ETC By Dai Lian Page66 Sample Question W or k U n i tC om pl e t i onD a t e B u dg e t P VP l a n n e dC om pl e t i on %A c t u a lC om pl e t i on %A c t u a lC os t EVA Ja n . 3 1 4 100 100 5B F e b . 2 8 6 100 100 8C M a r . 3 1 10 100 80 12D Ju n . 3 0 30E A u g . 3 1 26F O ct . 3 1 20G N o v . 3 0 2H D e c . 3 1 2T o t a l 100 25By Dai Lian Page67 Sample Question Answer CV EVAC 7 SV EVPV 2 CPI EV/AC SPI EV/PV EAC BAC/CPI EAC2 AC+BACEV 107 ETC EACAC PC EV/BAC 18% PS AC/BAC 25% TCPI (BACEV)/(BACAC) By Dai Lian Page68 小竅門 ? Tips. – EV 在大多數(shù)公式中都在前面。 綜合了范圍、成本和進(jìn)度計(jì)劃測量。 ? Well defined data, usually bottom up. ? Other Names: Check, Lump sum, Tender, Post contract changes. By Dai Lian Page54 估算的準(zhǔn)確性 ?Cost Estimates: – 量級(jí)估算 Order of Magnitude (ballpark estimate)： During initial evaluation – 預(yù)算估算 Budget : Used to obtain funds and project approval. – 確定估算 Definitive: Proposals, bid evaluation, contract change etc. Order of Magnitude Definitive Estimate Budget Estimate 75% 25% 25% 10% 10% 5% By Dai Lian Page55 生命周期成本（ Life cycle costing） ?開發(fā)成本 Development cost ?生產(chǎn)成本 Production cost ?運(yùn)維成本 Operating/ Maintenance cost ?處置成本 Discard cost – Disposal cost while product passed its point of usefulness. (. 電池，化學(xué)品 etc.) By Dai Lian Page56 Time Value of Money ? PV = amount of payment in N years divided by (1 + interest)n ? NPV=Sum of PV of inflow and outflow – NPV0, go – NPV=0, consider – NPV0, no go ? IRR = that rate of discount at which the sum of the positive present values is equal to the sum of the negative present values. OR cost equal revenue and project is a break even. By Dai Lian Page57 相關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)術(shù)語及概念的介紹 ? Accounting Standards – Distinguish Price and Cost. – Present Value: value today of future cash flows – Net Present Value: total benefits (ine or revenue) less the costs. NPV is the sum of each present value of each ine/revenue item – Internal Rate of Return (IRR): pany may select project based on highest IRR – Payback Period: number of time periods it takes to recover the investment in the project before generating revenues – Opportunity Cost: opportunity given up by selecting one project over another – Sunk Costs: expended costs. Sunk costs should not be considered when determining to continue with a troubled project – Variable Cost: costs that change with the amount of production or the amount of work (materials, wages) – Fixed Cost: nonrecurring costs that do not change By Dai Lian Page58 相關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)術(shù)語及概念的介紹 續(xù) ? Accounting Standards（ Con’t） – Direct Cost: directly attributable to project work (travel, wages, materials) – Indirect Cost: overhead items or costs for the benefit of more than one project (taxes, fringe benefits) – Depreciation: assets lose value over time ? Straight Line depreciation: same amount is take