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ure class search for identity and soul in off thejob activities.” Van Gennep. 1965: 通過儀式 the rites of passage = 程序階段 (分離 separation、 過渡 margintransition、組合 reaggregation) + 閾限期 (pre/post liminal phase) Goffman, 1971: “ 一連串捲入大量節(jié)慶因素、並由中介角色引導(dǎo)之強(qiáng)制儀式” Nash, 1996:41 focus on the tourist time 分裂 認(rèn)知 閾限、中心進(jìn)展、神聖氛圍 in a nonordinary state 更新;交流、交通、轉(zhuǎn)換 Superstructure motivated by Spillover 1983 Graburn: To pray, pay, play: the cultural