第十八章-生產(chǎn)要素市場(編輯修改稿)
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【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 e ?技術(shù)變革 Technological Change ?其他要素的供給 Supply of Other factors 21 技術(shù)變革如何影響勞動需求？ How Technological Changes Affect Labor Demand? ?技術(shù)變革通常增加了勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量，從而增加了勞動需求。 Technological advance typically raises the marginal product of labor, which in turn increases the demand for labor. ?也有可能技術(shù)進(jìn)步減少了勞動需求。 It is also possible for technological change to reduce labor demand. ?歷史表明，大多數(shù)技術(shù)進(jìn)步是 增加勞動 而不是節(jié)約勞動 的。 History suggests, however, that most technological progress is laboraugmenting instead of laborsaving. 22 勞動供給曲線 The Labor Supply Curve ? 勞動供給曲線反映工人如何根據(jù)機(jī)會成本的變動，作出勞動－閑暇的得失交換的決策。 The labor supply curve reflects how workers’ decisions about the laborleisure tradeoff respond to changes in opportunity cost. ? 向上傾斜的勞動供給曲線意味著，工資上升使工人增加他們供給的勞動量。 An upwardsloping labor supply curve means that an increase in the wages induces workers to increase the quantity of labor they supply. 23 勞動供給曲線 The Labor Supply Curve 供給Supply 工資（勞動價格） Wage (price of labor) 勞動數(shù)量Quantity of Labor 0 24 什么引起勞動供給曲線移動 What Causes the Labor Supply Curve to Shift? ?嗜好變動 Changes in Tastes ?可供選擇的機(jī)會改變 Changes in Alternative Opportunities ?移民 Immigration 25 勞動市場的均衡 Equilibrium in the Labor Market ?工資調(diào)整使勞動的供求平衡。 The wage adjusts to balance the supply and demand for labor. ?工資等于勞動的邊際產(chǎn)值。 The wage equals the value of the marginal product of labor. 26 均衡就業(yè)量Equilibrium employment, L 勞動市場的均衡 Equilibrium in the Labor Market... 供給Supply 工資（勞動價格）Wage (price of labor) 勞動數(shù)量Quantity of Labor 0 需求Demand 均衡工資Equilibrium wage, W 27 勞動市場的均衡 Equilibrium in the Labor Market ? 勞動的供給和需求決定均衡工資。 Labor supply and labor demand determine the equilibrium wage. ? 勞動供給或需求曲線的移動導(dǎo)致均衡工資改變。 Shifts in the supply or demand curve for labor cause the equilibrium wage to change. 28 勞動供給的移動 A Shift in Labor Supply... Wage (price of labor) W1 0 勞動數(shù)量Quantity of Labor L1 供給 Supply, S1 需求 Demand 2. … 降低工資 reduces the wage... 3. … 以及增加了就業(yè) and raises employment. 1. 勞動供給增加 An increase in labor supply... S2 W2 L2 工資（勞動價格） 29 勞動供給的移動 A Shift in Labor Supply ?勞動供給的增加 An increase in the supply of labor : ?導(dǎo)致勞動過剩 Results in a surplus of labor. ?對工資施加向下的壓力 Puts downward pressure on wages. ?使得企業(yè)多雇傭工人變得有利可圖 Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers. ?導(dǎo)致勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量下降 Results in diminishing marginal product. ?降低了勞動的邊際產(chǎn)值 Lowers the value of the marginal product. ?產(chǎn)生了新的均衡 Gives a new equilibrium. 30 勞動需求的移動 A Shift in Labor Demand... Wage (price of labor) W1 0 Quantity of Labor L1 供給 Supply 需求 Demand, D1 2. … 提升工資 increases the wage... 3. … 以及增加了就業(yè) and increases employment. 1. 勞動需求增加 An increase in labor demand... D2 W2 L2 工資（勞動價格） 勞動數(shù)量 31 勞動需求的移動 Shifts in Labor Demand ?勞動需求的增加 An increase in the demand for labor : ?使得企業(yè)多雇傭工人變得有利可圖。 Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers. ?對工資產(chǎn)生向上的壓力。 Puts upward pressure on wages. ?提高了邊際產(chǎn)值。 Raises the value of the marginal product. ?產(chǎn)生了新的均衡。 Gi
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