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食品安全的食品加工(編輯修改稿)

2025-02-03 12:57 本頁(yè)面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 殺菌Heating medium加熱介質(zhì)Water 水Air 空氣Water 水oil 油Air 空氣electromagic radiation 電磁輻射heat exchanger / water 熱交換器(水作為介質(zhì))steam under pressure 高壓蒸汽二、加熱處理加熱方法的分類38tt = D. log No/NNo: Initial number of microanisms 微生物的原始菌數(shù)N: Number of microanism at time t 經(jīng) t時(shí)間熱處理后 微生物的殘存菌數(shù)Heat resistance is measured by the decimal reduction time D 耐熱性是用指數(shù)遞減時(shí)間( D值)來(lái)測(cè)定的123 Dlog N/No0T (℃ )D value D值 39Heat resistance (1) 耐熱性Vegetative anism 活微生物Escherichia coli 大腸桿菌Salmonella spp 沙門氏菌屬 Salmonella typhimurium 鼠 傷寒沙門氏菌Salmonella senftenberg 桑夫頓堡 沙門氏菌Staphylococcus aureus 葡萄球菌Listeria monocytogenes 李斯特單胞菌Campylobacter jejuni 彎曲桿菌4D. values (min)65℃55℃ 60℃40Heat resistance (2)C. botulinum type A and B肉毒梭狀芽孢菌 A 型和 B型 C. botulinum type E肉毒梭狀芽孢菌 E型C. perfringens產(chǎn)氣夾膜 梭狀芽孢菌 C. sporogenes 生孢芽孢 梭菌 Bacillus cereus蠟狀芽孢桿菌505Bacterial endospores 細(xì)菌芽孢 1 sec 100℃110℃ 121℃D values (min)41Heat resistance ( Dvalue ) is influenced by many factors, . 耐熱性( D值)受許多因素的影響,例如:u type or strain of microanism 微生物的類型或種類 u physico chemical parameters of the medium . water activity, pH, position 培養(yǎng)基 的物理 化學(xué)參數(shù),比如:水分活度、酸堿度以及組成成分等u age of the cells or state of growth 細(xì)胞的年齡或其生長(zhǎng)的狀態(tài)Heat resistance (3)42Heat resistance (4)Medium 培養(yǎng)基 Heart infusion broth (pH = 。 aw = )Heart infusion broth+ NaCl(pH = 。 aw = )Heart infusion broth+ Sucrose (pH = 。 aw = ) D60 valueSalmonella senftenberg 沙門氏菌沙門氏菌 43Heat treatment 熱處理 Holding temp. 殺菌溫度Minimal lethal temp. 最低熱致死溫度Holding time恒溫時(shí)間Start of heating effect熱處理開(kāi)始時(shí)間End of heating effect熱處理結(jié)束時(shí)間Tt44Effects on proteins and vitamins 對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)和維生素的影響Protein degradation 蛋白質(zhì)降解Non enzymatic browning 非酶促褐變Lipase 脂肪Thiamin 硫胺 (維生素 B1)Vitamin C 維生素 CD121 (min)5 40 38 38024545Pasteurization schemes 巴氏殺菌法 Low temperature: 63℃ for 30 min 低溫 巴 氏 殺菌: 63℃ ,保持 30分鐘 High temperature:72℃ for 15 sec 高溫巴 氏 殺菌: 72℃ ,保持 15秒 Ultrahigh temperature:135℃ for 1 sec 超高溫巴 氏 殺菌: 135℃ ,保持 1 秒46Temperature gradient in hamburger漢堡包中溫度梯度變化圖47 Heat is generated by friction of water molecules under the influence of electromagic waves (500 MHz to 10 GHz) 在電磁波的作用下,水分子相互摩擦產(chǎn)生熱量 Rapid but non uniform heating (cold and hot spots) 加熱速度快,但不均勻(存在冷點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn))Microwave treatmen 微波處理48Freezing 三 、冷凍處理49Effective against parasites : 對(duì)寄生蟲的影響Critical limit : 18℃ for minimum 24 to 48 h 臨界限: 18 ℃ ,至少要保持 24 ~ 48 h,才能殺死寄生蟲No or minimal effect on: 下列情況下,冷凍處理的影響很小或是根本沒(méi)有? survival of Bacteria and viruses 殘存的細(xì)菌和病毒? enzymatic activity (polyphenol oxidase, lipase) 酶的活性(比如:多酚氧化酶和脂肪酶)作用:50irradiation 四、輻射51Gamma rays γ射線produced during decay of radioactive isotopes Cobalt 60, Cesium 137 Good peration power鈷 60和銫 137放射性同位數(shù)衰變時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的能量稱為 γ射線,該射線是波長(zhǎng)非常短的電磁波束,能量較高, 穿透物質(zhì)的能力很強(qiáng)。High energy electron beams 高能量電子束produced by accelerators , low peration由加速器產(chǎn)生,穿透物質(zhì)的能力較低X rays X射線highest peration power 穿透物質(zhì)的能力較 高 Food irradiation (1) 食品輻射保藏52Low dose irradiation 低劑量輻射處理 Low – dose 低劑量 (up to 1 kGy) Inhibition of sprouting 抑制發(fā)芽Insect disinfestation andparasite disinfection 殺死昆蟲和寄生蟲Delay of physiologicalprocesses (. ripening) 延遲生理過(guò)程 (比如:過(guò)熟) Products irradiated 被輻射的產(chǎn)品Potatoes, onions, garlic, etc.西紅柿、洋蔥、大蒜等Cereals and pulses, freshand dried fruits, dried fishand meat, fresh pork谷物、鮮果、干果以及干魚、肉和新鮮豬肉Fresh fruits and vegetables新鮮水果和蔬菜Dose (kGy) 劑量 53Medium dose irradiation中等劑量輻射處理中等劑量輻射處理Mediumdose 110 kGy 中等劑量 Dose (kGy)劑量Products irradiated 輻射的產(chǎn)品Extension of shelflife 延長(zhǎng)貨價(jià)壽命 Fresh fish, strawberries, 鮮魚和草莓等etc.Elimination of spoilage and pathogenic消除腐敗微生物和致病菌microanisms Fresh and frozenseafood, raw or frozenpoultry and meat, etc.新鮮的和冷凍的海產(chǎn)品以及冷凍的家禽和肉等Improving technologicalproperties of food提高食品的品質(zhì) Grapes (increasing juiceyield), dehydratedvegetables (reducedcooking time), etc.葡萄(提高出汁率)和脫水蔬菜(減少烹調(diào)時(shí)間)等54High dose irradiation高劑量輻射處理高劑量輻射處理Highdose (1050 kGy) 高劑量輻射 Dose (kGy)劑量Products irradiated 被輻射的產(chǎn)品 Sometimes industrial sterilization (in bination with mild heat treatment) 有時(shí)應(yīng)用于工業(yè)化殺菌(與輕微加熱處理方法結(jié)合)30 50Meat, poultry,seafood, preparedfoods, sterilised hospital diets肉、家禽、海產(chǎn)食品和制備食品、經(jīng)過(guò)殺菌的醫(yī)院食品Decontamination ofcertain food additives and ingredients消除某些食品添加劑和成分 的污染10 50 Spices, enzyme preparations 調(diào)味品和酶的制備55 Necessary dose 最低劑量Parasites 寄生蟲 kGyBacteria 細(xì)菌17 kGyViruses 病毒 30 kGyParasites 寄生蟲G – Bacteria 革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌G + Bacteria, moulds 革蘭氏陽(yáng)性細(xì)菌,霉菌Spores, yeasts孢子和酵母Viruses 病毒Sensitivity of microanisms 微生物的敏感性微生物的敏感性+56 Food
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