外文翻譯--管理信息系統(tǒng)(編輯修改稿)
2025-09-12 18:42 本頁面
【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 m necessary operation. Just think what would happen if the mailorder operation in Maine or Harrod’s department store in London could no longer use their puter!Shrinking time frames All phases of business operations are performed more rapidly than ever before. Sales representatives engage in telemarketing to contact their customers within seconds by telephone, sale orders are transmitted electronically from one puter to another, and manufacturers schedule raw material deliveries to arrive “just in time.”Social constraints Oddly enough, not all pressures favor production。 some favor nonproduction. This is true in the case of products and services that society finds undesirable. Business decisions must be based on economic factors, but social costs and payoffs must be considered as well. Plant expansion, new products, new products, new sales outlets, and similar actions must all be weighed in term of their environmental impact. Each of these influences contributes to the plexity of business.Physical systems and conceptual systemsThe business firm is a physical system, posed of physical resources. A conceptual system, on the other hand, is a system that uses conceptual resourcesinformation and datato represent a physical system. A conceptual system exists, for example, as mental images in the manager’s mind, as figures or lines on a sheet of paper, or in the electronic form of the puter’s storage.The puter is a physical system, but the data and information stored in it can be viewed as a conceptual system. The date and information represent one or more physical system. How the date and information are stored is unimportant. What is important is what the data and information represent. The physical system is important for what it is。 the conceptual system is important for its representation of the physical system.What stimulated enduser puting?Enduser puting evolved because of four main influences.l An increase in puter literacy During the early 1980s, good puter education programs at both the college and precollege level began to have an impact. Management ranks, especially on the lower levels, began to fill with puterliterate people.l The information services backing Information specialists have always had more work than they can handle. This situation became critical during the early 1980s, when users began making demands on information services for additional systems support. Information services could not respond quickly enough, and backlogs built up. Some users had to wait two or there year f
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