【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 廷，智利和南非也在發(fā)展 ， usually under the influence of immigrants from the Old World wine countries. 通常情況下，從舊世界葡萄酒國(guó)家的移民的影響。 Opening New Markets 開(kāi)辟新市場(chǎng) While climate and soil allowed grape growing to flourish in the New World, the consumption of 雖然允許的氣候和土壤的葡萄種植在新的世界蓬勃發(fā)展，消費(fèi) wine in these countries varied widely. 在這些國(guó)家的葡萄酒相差很大 。 It became part of the national cultures in Argentina and Chile, 它成為在阿根廷和智利國(guó)家文化的一部分 ， where per capita annual consumption reached about 80 liters in Argentina and 50 liters in Chile in 人均年消費(fèi)量達(dá)到了約80升，阿根廷和智利的50升 the 1960s. 20世紀(jì)60年代。 While such rates were well behind France and Italy, both of which boasted per capita 雖然這種利率以及法國(guó)和意大利之后，這兩個(gè)擁有人均 consumption of 110–120 liters in this era, they were parable with those of Spain. 消耗110120升在這個(gè)時(shí)代，他們分別與西班牙相媲美 。 Other New World cultures did not embrace the new industry as quickly. 其他新的世界文化沒(méi)有擁抱新的產(chǎn)業(yè)，盡快。 In Australia, the hot 在澳大利亞，熱 climate and a dominant British heritage made beer the alcoholic beverage of preference, with wine 氣候和主導(dǎo)的英國(guó)傳統(tǒng)啤酒的酒精飲料的偏好，用酒 being consumed mostly by Old World immigrants. 被消耗，大多是由舊世界的移民 。 The US market was more plex. 美國(guó)市場(chǎng)更為復(fù)雜。 In keeping 在保持 with the country39。s central role in the rum trade, one segment of the population followed a tradition of 在糖酒會(huì)貿(mào)易與該國(guó)的核心作用，一個(gè)段的人口遵循一個(gè)傳統(tǒng) drinking hard liquor. 喝烈性酒。 But another group reflected the country39。s Puritan heritage and espoused 但另一組反映了該國(guó)的清教徒的遺產(chǎn)和擁護(hù) temperance or abstinence. 節(jié)欲或禁欲。 (As recently as 1994, a Gallup survey found that 45% of US respondents （最近在1994年，蓋洛普調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，45％的美國(guó)受訪者 did not drink at all, and 21% favored a renewal of prohibition.) As a result, in the preWorld War II 不喝酒，21％的人贊成禁止重建。）因此，在預(yù)二戰(zhàn)， era, wine was largely made by and sold to European immigrant munities. 時(shí)代，葡萄酒在很大程度上是由出售到歐洲的移民社區(qū) 。 For the exclusive use of J. BARDWELL This document is authorized for use only by Justin Bardwell in Agribusiness Capstone taught by Hinson from January 2010 to May 2010. 2010年1月至2010年5月。 Page 4 第4頁(yè) 910405 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old 全球葡萄酒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)2009：新世界與舊 4 4 In the postwar era, however, demand for wine increased rapidly in the United States, Australia, 然而，在戰(zhàn)后時(shí)代，對(duì)葡萄酒的需求增長(zhǎng)迅速，在美國(guó)，澳大利亞 ， and other New World producers. 和其他新世界生產(chǎn)商 。 In the United States, for example, consumption grew from a post 例如，在美國(guó)，消費(fèi)量增長(zhǎng)后 ， prohibition per capita level of 1 liter per annum to 9 liters by 2006. 禁止每人均水平的1公升，到2006年每年9升 。 In Australia the rate of increase 在澳大利亞的增幅 was even more rapid, from less than 2 liters in 1960 to 24 liters by 2006. 更為迅速，在1960年至2006年的24升不到2升 。 This growth in consumption 這種消費(fèi)增長(zhǎng) was coupled with a growing demand for higher quality wines, resulting in a boom in domestic 加上不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求為高品質(zhì)的葡萄酒，在國(guó)內(nèi)蓬勃發(fā)展而產(chǎn)生的 demand that proved a boost for the young New World wine industry. 證明了一個(gè)年輕的新世界葡萄酒行業(yè)提高的需求 。 Challenging Production Norms 具有挑戰(zhàn)性的生產(chǎn)規(guī)范 On the back of the postwar economic boom, New World wine producers developed in an industry 在戰(zhàn)后的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的背面，新世界葡萄酒生產(chǎn)商在一個(gè)行業(yè)發(fā)展 environment different from their European counterparts. 從他們的歐洲同行不同的環(huán)境 。 First, suitable land was widely available 首先，合適的土地，被廣泛使用 and less expensive, allowing the growth of much more extensive vineyards. 且成本較低，使更廣泛的葡萄園的增長(zhǎng)。 As a result, in 2006, the 因此，在2006年， average vineyard holding in the United States was 213 hectares and in Australia 167 hectares, 在美國(guó)舉行的平均葡萄園，213公頃和167公頃在澳大利亞 ， pared to an Italian average of hectares, and hectares in France. 相比，，在法國(guó)的意大利 。 6 6 Unconstrained by tradition, New World producers also began to experiment with grape growing 由傳統(tǒng)的約束，新世界生產(chǎn)商也開(kāi)始嘗試用葡萄種植 and winemaking technology. 和釀酒技術(shù)。 In Australia, controlled drip irrigation allowed expansion into 在澳大利亞，控制滴灌允許擴(kuò)展到 marginal land and reduced vintage variability. 貧瘠的土地，減少老式變異。 (In contrast, irrigation was strictly forbidden in France （相比之下，灌溉，嚴(yán)禁在法國(guó) under AOC regulations.) The larger vineyards also allowed the use of specialized equipment such as 根據(jù)AOC的規(guī)定）。較大的葡萄園也允許使用專門的設(shè)備，如 mechanical harvesters and mechanical pruners which greatly reduced labor costs. 機(jī)械收割機(jī)，機(jī)械修枝剪，從而大大降低了勞動(dòng)成本 。 Innovation also extended into viniculture where New World producers pursued techniques such 創(chuàng)新還延伸到葡萄種植技術(shù)，如新世界生產(chǎn)者追求 as night harvesting to maximize grape sugars, while innovative trellis systems permitted vines to be 晚上收獲葡萄糖最大化，而 ??創(chuàng)新的網(wǎng)格系統(tǒng)允許藤蔓 planted at twice the traditional density. 種植傳統(tǒng)密度的兩倍 。 Other experiments with fertilizers and pruning methods 其他實(shí)驗(yàn)與化肥和修剪方法 increased yield and improved grape flavor. 增加產(chǎn)量和提高了葡萄的味道 。 These innovations, when coupled with typically sunny 這些創(chuàng)新，在通常陽(yáng)光明媚的耦合 climates, freed New World farmers from many of the stresses of their counterparts in regions like 氣候條件下，擺脫了許多同行的壓力，如地區(qū)農(nóng)民新世界 Bordeaux where the rainy maritime climate made late autumn harvests risky, and held wine 波爾多地方，在多雨的海洋性氣候深秋豐收風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，并舉行酒 producers hostage to wide yeartoyear vintage variations. 生產(chǎn)者人質(zhì)廣泛的一年到一年的年份變化。 New World wine panies also broke many wine making traditions. 新世界葡萄酒公司也打破了很多的葡萄酒釀造傳統(tǒng) 。 Large estates usually had 通常有大型屋苑 onsite labs to provide analysis helpful in making growing and harvest decisions. 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供的分析，幫助種植和收獲決定。 In the 1990s, some 在20世紀(jì)90年代，一些 experimented with a reverse osmosis technology to concentrate the juice (or must ), ensuring a deeper 嘗試用反滲透技術(shù)濃縮汁（或 必須 ），確保更深 colored, richertasting wine. 有色，更豐富的品酒。 (Ironically, the technique was developed in France, but most French （具有諷刺意味的是，該技術(shù)是在法國(guó)發(fā)展，但大多數(shù)法國(guó) producers deplored it as “removing the poetry of wine.” Needless to say, it was a forbidden practice 生產(chǎn)者痛惜它作為“消除對(duì)葡萄酒的詩(shī)?！辈挥谜f(shuō)，這是被禁止的做法 under AOC regulations.) New World wine makers also developed processes that allowed 根據(jù)AOC的規(guī)定。）新世界葡萄酒生產(chǎn)商還開(kāi)發(fā)進(jìn)程，允許 fermentation and aging to occur in huge, putercontrolled, stainless steel tanks rather than in 發(fā)酵和老化，而 ??不是在發(fā)生巨大的，由電腦控制，不銹鋼罐 traditional oak barrels. 傳統(tǒng)的橡木桶 。 To provide oak flavor, some added oak chips while aging their popular priced 為了提供橡木的味道，有些添加橡木片，而老齡問(wèn)題的流行價(jià)格 wines—another practice strictly forbidden in most traditionalproducin