【正文】 the industry developed, it became increasingly important to the cultural and economic life of 隨著行業(yè)的發(fā)展，它變得越來越重要的文化和經(jīng)濟生活的 the producing countries. 生產(chǎn)國。 By the mid18th century in France, grape growing supported million 法國在18世紀中葉，葡萄種植支持150萬 families and an equal number in winerelated businesses. 家庭和同等數(shù)量葡萄酒相關業(yè)務。 Eventually, it accounted for onesixth of 最后，它占了六分之一 France39。s total trading revenue, and was the country39。s secondlargest export. 法國的總交易收入，是該國第二大出口。 The industry39。s growing cultural and economic importance attracted political attention, and with 業(yè)界日益增長的文化和經(jīng)濟上的重要性，吸引政治關注，并與 it, laws and regulations to control almost every aspect of wine making. ，法律和法規(guī)來控制幾乎所有的葡萄酒釀造的每一個環(huán)節(jié) 。 For example, Germany39。s 1644 例如，德國的1644 wine classification scheme prescribed 65 classes of quality, with rules for everything from ripeness 葡萄酒分級計劃規(guī)定的65類質(zhì)量，從成熟的一切規(guī)則 required for harvesting to minimum sugar content. 需要采伐糖含量最低。 (Even in 1971, a law was passed in Germany （即使在1971年通過一項法律，在德國 requiring a government panel to taste each vineyard39。s annual vintage and assign it a quality level. 要求政府面 ??板品嘗每年每個葡萄園的葡萄酒，并分配給它一個質(zhì)量水平 。 3 3 ) ） Similar regulations prescribing winemaking practices also existed in France and Italy. 在法國和意大利也存在類似法規(guī)處方葡萄酒釀造慣例。 Rather than resisting such government classifications and controls, producers often supported and 抵制這種政府的分類和控制，而不是生產(chǎn)者往往支持和 even augmented them as a way of differentiating their products and raising entry barriers. 甚至增強他們作為區(qū)分自己的產(chǎn)品和提高進入壁壘方式。 For 對于 example, the current French classification system was created by a Bordeaux mittee prior to the 例如，目前法國的分級制度是由波爾多委員會前 1855 Exposition in Paris. 1855世界博覽會在巴黎舉行。 To help consumers identify their finest wines, they classified about 500 為了幫助消費者識別他們的最好的葡萄酒，他們分類約 500 vineyards into five levels of quality, from premier cru (first growth) to cinqui232。me cru (fifth growth). 葡萄園到五個級別的質(zhì)量，從 總理CRU（首次增長）到cinqui232。me CRU（五分增長）。 For the exclusive use of J. BARDWELL This document is authorized for use only by Justin Bardwell in Agribusiness Capstone taught by Hinson from January 2010 to May 2010. 2010年1月至2010年5月。 Page 3 第3頁 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old 全球葡萄酒戰(zhàn)爭2009：新世界與舊 910405 3 3 Because it helped consumers sort through the plexity of a highly fragmented market, this 通過一個高度分散的市場的復雜性，因為它幫助消費者進行排序，這 marketing tool soon gained wide recognition, leading the government to codify and expand it in the 營銷工具，很快就獲得了廣泛認可，政府領導編纂和擴大 Appellation d39。Origin Controll233。e (AOC) laws of 1935. 科特迪瓦原產(chǎn)Controll233。e產(chǎn)區(qū) （AOC）的1935年的法律。 These laws also defined regional boundaries and這些法律還明確的區(qū)域界限和 set detailed and quite rigid standards for vineyards and wine makers. 設置葡萄園和葡萄酒生產(chǎn)商的詳細和相當剛性標準 。 4 4 Eventually, more than 300 最終，300多 AOC designations were authorized, from the well known (Saint Emilion or Beaujolais) to the obscure 冠捷指定的授權，從著名的（圣愛美濃或薄酒）晦澀 (Fitou or St. P233。ray). （Fitou或圣P233。ray）。 (A similar classification scheme was later introduced in Italy defining 213 （類似的分類方案后來被引入意大利定義213 Denominazione di Origne Controllate (or DOC) regions, each with regulations prescribing area, allowed Denominazione DI Origne Controllate（或DOC）的地區(qū)，規(guī)定每個處方面積，允許 grape varieties, yields, required growing practices, acceptable alcohol content, label design etc. 葡萄品種，產(chǎn)量，所需的種植實踐，可以接受的酒精含量，標簽設計等。 5 5 ) ） Later, other wine regions of France were given official recognition with the classification of Vins 后來，法國其他葡萄酒產(chǎn)區(qū)，分別給予正式承認與 VINS 分類 Delimit233。s de Qualite Superieure (VDQS), but these were usually regarded as of lower rank than AOC Delimit233。s DE QUALITE高等 （VDQS），但這些通常被視為較低級的，比AOC的 wines. 葡萄酒。 Below VDQS were Vins de Pays, or country wine inexpensive but very drinkable wines for 下面VDQS VINS DE自付，或國酒便宜，但非常飲用葡萄酒 French tables, and increasingly, for export. 法國表，并越來越多，用于出口 。 These categories were quite rigid with almost no 這些類別是相當僵化的，幾乎沒有 movement across them. 在它們之間移動。 This was due to a belief that quality was linked to terroir , the almost mystical 這是由于到，質(zhì)量是有聯(lián)系的 沃土 ，近乎神秘的信仰 bination of soil, aspect, microclimate, rainfall, and cultivation that the French passionately 結合土壤，坡向，氣候，雨量充沛，種植，熱情的法國 believed gave the wine from each region— and indeed, each vineyard— its unique character. 相信了酒，每個地區(qū)，事實上，每個葡萄園其獨特的性格。 But terroir could not guarantee consistent quality. 但 沃土不能保證穩(wěn)定的質(zhì)量。 As an agricultural product, wine was always作為一個農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品，酒總是 subject to the vagaries of weather and disease. 受變幻莫測的天氣和疾病的。 In the last quarter of the 19 在最后一個季度的19 th 日 century, a deadly New 一個致命的新世紀， World insect, phylloxera, devastated the French vine stock. 世界昆蟲，葡萄根瘤蚜，摧毀了法國的藤股票 。 From a production level of 500 million 從500萬元的生產(chǎn)水平 liters in 1876, output dropped to just 2 million liters in 1885. 升于1876年，產(chǎn)量下降到1885年只有200萬公升。 But a solution was found in an 但在一個解決方案被發(fā)現(xiàn) unexpected quarter: French vines were grafted onto phylloxeraresistant vine roots native to the 意外季度：法國葡萄樹嫁接到抗根瘤蚜藤根，原產(chǎn)于 United States and imported from the upstart Californian wine industry. 美國從暴發(fā)戶加州葡萄酒行業(yè)進口。 It was the first time many in 這是第一次，許多在 the Old World acknowledged the existence of a New World wine industry. 舊世界的承認存在著一個新的世界葡萄酒行業(yè) 。 It would not be the last. 它不會是最后一次。 Stirrings in the New World 在新的世界的激烈 Although insignificant in both size and reputation pared with the wellestablished industry in 雖然在規(guī)模和聲譽微不足道行之有效的行業(yè) traditional wineproducing countries, vineyards and wine makers had been set up in many New 傳統(tǒng)的葡萄酒生產(chǎn)國，葡萄園和葡萄酒生產(chǎn)商已設立了許多新的 World countries since the 18 世界各國自18 th 日 century. 世紀。 In the United States, for example, Thomas Jefferson, an 例如，在美國，托馬斯杰斐遜， enthusiastic oenologist, became a leading voice for establishing vineyards in Virginia. 熱情的釀酒師，成為一個領先的語音建立在弗吉尼亞州的葡萄園。 And in 而在 Australia, vines were brought over along with the first fleet carrying convicts and settlers in 1788. 澳大利亞，藤蔓被帶到了一起攜帶罪犯和定居者在1788年的第一艦隊 。 Nascent wine industries were also developing at this time in Argentina, Chile, and South Africa, 新生的葡萄酒行業(yè)在這個時候，在阿根