【文章內容簡介】 ason why nobody answers is that their arguments would make no sense. There‘s no way to answer them. To say that ?language is not innate‘ is to say that there is no difference between my granddaughter, a rock and a rabbit. In other words, if you take a rock, a rabbit and Chomsky：語言天賦 ?my granddaughter and put them in a munity where people are talking English, they‘ll all learn English. If people believe that, then they believe that language is not innate. If they believe that there is a difference between my granddaughter, a rabbit and a rock, then they believe that language is innate.‖ Chomsky:語言教學 ?Chomsky (1988)‖ … teaching should not be pared to filling a bottle with water but rather to helping a flower to grow in its own way. As any good teacher knows, the methods of instruction and range of material covered are of small important as pared with the success in arousing the natural curiosity of the students喚起學生的自然好奇心 and stimulating their interest in Chomsky：語言教學 ?exploring on their own激勵他們去自我探索的興趣 . What the students learn passively will be quickly fotten. What the students discover for themselves when their natural curiosity and creative impulses are aroused not only will be remembered but will be the basis for further exploration and inquiry and perhaps significant intellectual contributions. 10. 流派介紹：系統(tǒng)功能語言學 : 英國有悠久語言研究傳統(tǒng)，人造語言、速寫、拼法改革等起于英國，著名語音學家丹尼爾 瓊斯 Daniel Jones 、亨利 斯威特 Henry Sweet生于這里。 倫敦學派后來成為系統(tǒng)功能語法學派。馬林諾夫斯基 , 佛斯 , 韓禮德等 .意義即使用 . 語言環(huán)境決定意義；結構與系統(tǒng)； 語言潛勢和語言實際行為 。組合關系和聚合關系；語言功能分類 10. 流派介紹：系統(tǒng)功能語言學 ? The London School: Britain has a long tradition of language studies. The great phoicians Henry Sweet， Daniel Jones。 Malinovki, . Firth, . Halliday。 meaning is use。 context determines meaning。 emphasis on both structure and system。 linguistic potential and actual behavior。 paradigmatic/ syntagmatic relations。 types of functions of language Malinovski 馬林諾夫斯基 ?佛斯 ? J. R. Firth . Halliday ?韓禮德 ? MAK Halliday 10. 流派介紹：系統(tǒng)功能語言學 ?語言是許多小系統(tǒng)組成的大系統(tǒng) .語言的結構由社會功能所決定 .語言的三大功能 。兒童語言的七大功能 . 在教學上和文體學上都有貢獻 . Language is a system of many subsystems。 three macro function of language (ideational, interpersonal, textual function)。 children‘s seven functions。 contribution to language teaching and stylistics。 popular in China. 語言系統(tǒng) ? The material process: action and event. ? The transitivity system及物性系統(tǒng) : material process, mental process, relational process, verbal and behavioral process, existential process. ? The action process: intention process and supervention process. ? The mental process: internalized process and externalized process. 語言系統(tǒng) ? The internalized process: 1. perception, 2. reaction and 3. cognition processes. () ? There are realization relationships between various levels. The choice of meaning is realized by the choice of form, which in turn is realized by the choice of sounds. What can be done is realized by what can be meant, which is realized by what can be said. 語言功能 Functions of Children‘s Language: 1. The instrumental function: to meet his material needs and services。（工具） 2. The regulatory function: to control others‘ behavior。（調節(jié)） 3. The interactional function: to talk with others。（交際） 4. The personal function: to express his feelings。（個人表達） 語言功能 5. The heuristic function: to know about his own surroundings。（探索） 6. The imaginative function: to create surroundings。（想象） 7. The informative function: to provide information for others.（告知） The adult‘s language has to serve many functions, these are gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions. 語言功能 ?Functions of adult‘s language: Ideational function, interpersonal function and textual 、人際功能、語篇功能 ? The Ideational function（ 概念功能）： to convey new information unknown to the hearer. It is the meaning potential, used in all languages. It is to refer to categories of experience of the world. 語言功能 ? interpersonal function（人際功能） : it embodies all the uses of language to express social and personal relations。 the ways the speaker enters into a speech situation and performs a speech act. It is realized by mood語氣 and modality情態(tài) . 語言功能 ? The Textual Function（ 語篇功能） : Language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. “John saw a handbag in a field. John walked across a field and picked up a took a handbag to the police station and John handed a handbag to a policeman.” 11. 一個新學派 ：認知語言學 認知語言學 : 是不是一個新流派 ? 還是一個分支 ? 始于 20世紀 70年代 , 關心語言與心智和大腦的關系 , 說語言是認知系統(tǒng)的一部分 。認知系統(tǒng)是由感知 , 情感 ,范疇化 , 抽象化 ,和推理等能力組成 . 目標不是描寫語言行為 ,而是解釋引起語言行為的心理結構和心理過程 , 揭示語言背后內在的深層規(guī)律 . 人物 : 喬姆斯基 , Talmy, Jackendoff, Langacker, Lakoff, Biewish, Hudson, Fillmore,Talor等 . 萊科夫 Gee Lakoff 萊科夫 Gee Lakoff ? We are neural beings, states Berkeley cognitive scientist Gee Lakoff. Our brains take their input from the rest of our bodies. What our bodies are like and how they function in the world thus structures the very concepts we can use to think. We cannot think just anything only what our embodied brains permit. L. Talmy Pioneering work In cognitive linguistics 11. 一個新學派 ：認知語言學 ? I am not if this is a new school or what. People say language and its use are based on our bodily experience and the way to conceptualize it is called cognitive linguistics. It is a new approach to the stu