【正文】 10. 流派介紹：系統(tǒng)功能語言學 : 英國有悠久語言研究傳統(tǒng)，人造語言、速寫、拼法改革等起于英國，著名語音學家丹尼爾 context determines meaning。 contribution to language teaching and stylistics。 the ways the speaker enters into a speech situation and performs a speech act. It is realized by mood語氣 and modality情態(tài) . 語言功能 ? The Textual Function（ 語篇功能） : Language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. “John saw a handbag in a field. John walked across a field and picked up a took a handbag to the police station and John handed a handbag to a policeman.” 11. 一個新學派 ：認知語言學 認知語言學 : 是不是一個新流派 ? 還是一個分支 ? 始于 20世紀 70年代 , 關心語言與心智和大腦的關系 , 說語言是認知系統(tǒng)的一部分 。Feng Zongxin, Schools and Theories of Linguistics, Nanjing Normal University Press, 200 4 12. 參考書 ?Liu Runningamp。v) y0C3F6I aLdPgSjVnYq! t*wA1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u( x+B2E6H9KcOf RiUmXp!samp。v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t *xA1D5G8KbNeQiTlWor %v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUm Yp! samp。w) z1C4F7JaM ePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNf QiUlXos%v( y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYp!tamp。w z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr $u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXos%v) y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!tamp。v) y0C3F7I aLdPgSjVnYq$t*wA1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr %u( x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!samp。v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*wA1D5G8JbNeQhTlWor %u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUm Xp!samp。v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t *xA1D5G8JbNeQiTlWor %u(y+B3EaLdPgSjVnYq$t *w A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr %u( y+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!samp。w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*xA2D5H8KbNf Q iTlXos%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp! tamp。v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*wA1D5G8JbNeQhTlWor%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUm Xp! samp。wz1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXps%v) y0C3F6I aLdOgSjVnYq!t*wz1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr $u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUm Xpsamp。wz1D4G7JbM ePhTkWoZr $u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXpsamp。w z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr $u( x+A2E5H8KcNf RiUlXps%v) y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*wD5H8KbNf QiUlXos%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!tamp。w) z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x A2D5G8KbNeQiTlWor%v( y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!samp。v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*xA1D5G 8JbNeQiTlWor%u( y+B3E6H9LcOf RjUmYp!samp。v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*wz1D4G8JbM eQhTkWoZr %u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUm Xpsamp。w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNf QiUlXos%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!tamp。 JohnsonM(1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. NY: Basic Books. Langacker R (2021). Concept, Image, and Symbol: the Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Berlin/NY: Mouton de Gruyter. 12. 參考書 ?劉潤清 ,《 西方語言學流派 》 ，外研社 , 1995。（探索） 6. The imaginative function: to create surroundings。 three macro function of language (ideational, interpersonal, textual function)。 Malinovki, . Firth, . Halliday。 contribution to philosophy, psychology, puter science。 稍微想一想兒童習得的語法性質(zhì)，他接觸到的語料質(zhì)量之差和范圍之小，兒童習得語言與智力、動機、情緒毫無關系，而且他們的環(huán)境因素千差萬別，最后所得語法的卻驚人地相似，讓我們很難相信，一個對語法沒有大致了解的有機體，能夠學到這麼多語言結構知識。目標是揭示語言本質(zhì)和人類本質(zhì) 。 重證據(jù) ,不看主觀印象 。 given/new information。 system of signs 德克海姆 E. Durkheim 佛洛依德 Sigmund Freud 6. 流派介紹：現(xiàn)代語言學開端 德國哲學家 Ernst Cassirer把索緒爾與伽利略相提并論 : ―In the whole history of science there is perhaps no more fascinating a chapter than the rise of the new science of linguistics. In its importance it may very well be pared to the new science of Galileo, which in the 17th century, changed our whole concept of the physical world.‖ 7. 流派介紹：早期功能學派 歐洲功能學派 : 布拉格學派 ,哥本哈根學派 。 paved the way for modern linguistics in the 20th century. 5. 流派介紹：歷史語言學 5. 流派介紹：歷史語言學 6. 流派介紹：現(xiàn)代語言學開端 索緒爾 : 現(xiàn)代語言學鼻祖 。 school grammar, prescriptive。 3. 流派與分支的價值 Significance of the Two It‘s more theoretically significant to study schools。兩個陣營之間有許多交叉，也有互相借鑒， 但從思潮上講二者是很不同的，兩大陣營開展對話也很困難。功能主義者說這是兒童交際的需要和能力的發(fā)展 . The formal camp say that children are born with the ability to acquire language。 a psychological perspective. 2. 宏觀區(qū)分流派 A More Macro Distinction 功能派 注重分析語言的功能 , 分析不同層次上的成分的語義功能 , 認為功能決定形式 , 考慮語言的社會性 . The functional school: emphasize the functional nature of L。 (Branches refer to areas of study, with their classics, and influential figures。了解宏觀背景，讓你不失迷方向。 1. 區(qū)分流派與分支 流派多指思潮 , 有代表人物 , 代表著作 , 主要觀點 , 研究方法 , 盛行時代 ,有其影 響 , 往往有歷史視角。 歷史語言學 (19世紀 100年 ) historical linguistics。 a sociolinguistic perspective. 2. 宏觀區(qū)分流派 A More Macro Distinction 兩派的區(qū)別 1. 形式主義者認為語言是心理現(xiàn)象 。 the formalists study language in the social context by referring to its social function. 韓禮德 : 20世紀下半葉的基本對立陣營不是結構主義與生成語法。 but they are ideologically fairly difficult and it is often difficulty to maintain a dialogue. 韓禮德還說：功能語法屬于應用研究，形式語法屬于純理論研究；功能語法更近于修辭， 形式語法更近于邏輯；功能語法研究實際語言能力，形式語法研究理想的語言能力；功能語法研究文本 /語篇，形式語法研究句子?；A研究費時費力，見效慢；應用研究見效快。其后期的新語法學派為避免 20世紀培養(yǎng)了人才 。 語言是符號學中最典型的代表 .其理論影響深遠 . Saussure: father of modern linguistics。主題和評述 。 influential around 192040 8. 流派介紹 ：美國結構主義 美國結構主義 : 博厄斯 , 薩裴爾 ,布龍菲爾德 , 哈利斯 ,豪克特等 。 emphasis on evidence than impression。 cognitive psychology。觀察充分 , 描寫充分 , 解釋充分 。瓊斯 Daniel Jones 、亨利 emphasis on both structure and system。 popular in China. 語言系統(tǒng) ? The material process: action and event. ? The transitivity system及物性系統(tǒng) : material process, mental process, relational process, verbal and behavioral process, existential process. ? The action process: intention process and supervention process. ? The mental process: internalized process and externalized process. 語言系統(tǒng) ? The internalized process: 1. perception, 2. reaction and 3. cognition processes. () ? There are realization relationships between various levels. The choice of meaning is realized by the choice of form, which in turn is realized by the choice of sounds. What ca