【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 對性和可轉化性 ? 機遇與威脅的相對性和可轉化性 內(nèi)因是根本；外因是條件 Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 57 Organizational purpose ? Mission ? Objectives Corporate governance ? Whom should the anization serve? ?How should purposes be determined? Business ethics ? Which purposes should be prioritized? ? Why? Stakeholders ? Whom does the anization serve? Cultural context ? Which purposes are prioritized? ? Why? Resources and Strategic assets Competencies and Capabilities Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 58 Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 59 Assess the nature of the environment Audit environmental influences Identify key petitive forces Identify petitive position Identify key opportunities and threats Strategic position Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 60 Simple static Dynamic Complex ? Historical Analysis ? Forecasting ?Decentralization of anization ?Decentralization of anization ? Scenario planning Environmental Condition Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 61 ? What environmental factors are affecting the anization? ? Which of these are the most important at present time? In next year? Political/legal ? Monopolies legislation ? Environmental protection laws ? Taxation policy ? Foreign trade regulation ? Employment law ? Government stability Sociocultural factors ? Population demographics ? Ine distribution ? Social mobility ? Lifestyle changes ? Attitudes to work and leisure ? Consumerism ? Levels of education Economic factors ? Business cycles ? GDP trends ? Interest rates ? Money supply ? Inflation ? Unemployment ? Disposable ine ? Energy availability and cost Technological ? Government spending on research ? Government and industry focus on technological effort ? New discoveries/development ? Speed of technology transfer ? Rates of obsolescence Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 62 風險且高收益 風險和低收益 穩(wěn)定且高收益 穩(wěn)定且低收益 高 進入障礙 低 高 退出 障礙 低 進入障礙：規(guī)模經(jīng)濟、產(chǎn)品差異性、資本需求、 轉移成本、促銷渠道、政府政策 退出障礙：資產(chǎn)專一性、內(nèi)部戰(zhàn)略關系、情感 障礙、政府和社會制約 Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 63 Global Strategy ? Trade policy ? Technical standard ? Host government policies ? Scale economics ? Sourcing efficiency ? Country specific cost ? High product Development cost ? Interdependence ? Competitors global ? High ex/imports ? Similar customer need ? Global customers ? Transferable mkting Global petitionGlobal market convergence Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 64 Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 65 Procedures ? Identifying the key changes in the anization’s environment (no more than 78 points) ? Identifying the key variables in terms of the resource profile and petences of the anization (8 ps) ? Illustrating the analysis by keeping to quite specific points, rather than overgenerising analysis ? Providing some useful strategic foresights Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 66 Strengths amp。 Weakness Main strengths Capacity for inno. + + ++ + ++ 7 0 Good GP links + + + + + 5 0 Committed employees + + + 0 + 4 0 Good joint working with social services + 0 + + 3 1 Main weaknesses Lack of oute measures 0 5 Information mea surement systems 0 6 Providerdominated agenda 0 ++ 2 6 No financial growth + + 2 3 + 5 3 5 3 7 2 5 5 5 4 Key Issues in the Environment Politics/ New Tech Rising Demo Competitive legislation nologies public graphic market + expectation trends Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 67 行業(yè)內(nèi)企業(yè) 供應商 用戶 潛在進入者 替代品 Threat Threat Bargain Bargain Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 68 資源供方：員工、社會、股東 —— 企業(yè)運行基礎 替代品廠商 同行業(yè)廠商 互補品廠商 潛在進入者 企業(yè) 中間買方：企業(yè)外部配送體系 最終買方顧客：企業(yè)生存之本 買方 買方 潛在顧客 企業(yè)品牌顧客 競爭品牌顧客 流動顧客 Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 69 ‘Best in class’ ? Thinking ? Practice ? Competitors ? Cooperators ? Coordinators objectives Existing level ? resources ? capabilities Road 2 Road 1 Road 3 Road 3: leapfrogging Road 2: integration Road 1: imitation Prof. Wei Jiang Stra. Mgt 70 Level of Benchmarking Through Examples of Measures Resources Resource audit Quantity of resources, . ? revenue/employee ? capital intensity Quality of resources, . ? qualifications of employees ? age of machinery ? uniqueness (. patents) Competences in Analysing ? Sales calls per salesperson separate activities activities ? Output per employee ? Materials wastage Competen