【正文】 ess 發(fā)達(dá)的圖書館系統(tǒng)（電子或傳統(tǒng)形式的）和便利的瀏覽渠道 Professional technology watchers專業(yè)的技術(shù)監(jiān)督者 Special interest groups 特定的愛好者群 Time and ability to municate具備溝通的時(shí)間和能力 Training in the scientific method 科學(xué)的培訓(xùn)方法 Not invented here 相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)貧乏 Uncertainty of purpose 目標(biāo)不明 Poor sources 資源短缺 Fear of plagiarism and depredations from those with vested interests 懼怕對(duì)既得利益的剽竊和掠奪 No idea how to research 不知如何進(jìn)行研究 第一步：審視（ 2） 續(xù) ? An understanding of purpose No time to research ? 對(duì)目標(biāo)的理解 沒有時(shí)間進(jìn)行研究 ? Supportive IT IT which hinders ? 有 IT技術(shù)支持 信息技術(shù)方面有困難 ? Reward for contribution Silos and artificial boundaries ? 勞有所得 自然和人為的界線 ? Willingness to learn both as Utilisation rate mentality ? an individual and as 智力利用率 an anisation ? 無論作為個(gè)人還是組織， ? 都十分好學(xué) 你用什么方法更好地審視問題 ? How do you facilitate scanning ? Specialist material to individual / SIG or to the anisation. 專家研究個(gè)人（有共同觀點(diǎn)的人群）或組織的素材 Information scientists 信息科學(xué)家 Requests 要求 Results 結(jié)果 Specialist 專家 解決問題 Problem Solving 第二步：解決問題（ 1） Step 2 Problem Solving (1) Can be an individual process but the use of teams is most mon in this step. Accumulated information is used in solving previously unaddressed problems and creative problem solving is critical. Communication in and between teams is also critical. 這可以是一個(gè)個(gè)人化的過程，但團(tuán)隊(duì)的使用在這一過程中卻十分普遍。這種知識(shí)行為可以是隱性的，也可以是顯性的。不過基本步驟還是萬變不離其宗。 Epistemologies – what are they ? 認(rèn)識(shí)論角度的分析？ AUTOPOIETICS 自我創(chuàng)生性 清楚 Clear Fairly clear – may be bifurcated 比較清楚（可能分為兩部分） 有所偏愛 Some preferences ―順風(fēng)倒 ‖ “Flexible” 千篇一律 All things to all people 迷茫 Confused 不知所措 Very confused CONNECTIVISTS 連通性 COGNITIVISTS 認(rèn)知性 Ardent axiologist 狂熱的價(jià) 值論者 Ardent logical positivist 狂熱而又不失理 性的實(shí)證主義者 Cognitivist Connectivist Autopoietic 認(rèn)知性 連通性 自我創(chuàng)生性 Epistemology and value theory認(rèn)識(shí)論和價(jià)值論 Ardent Axiologist 狂熱的價(jià) 值論者 Ardent logical Positivist 狂熱 而又不失理性 的實(shí)證主義者 Cognitivist Connectivist Autopoietic 認(rèn)知性 連通性 自我創(chuàng)生性 Document Management 文本管理 Content Management 內(nèi)容管理 Complex Groupware 合成組件 Simple groupware 單一組件 Capability directories 能力目錄 All / any / none 所有、任何、沒有 什么樣的知識(shí)管理工具才適合他們？ What KM tools suit them ? Boisot的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)周期 Boisot’s Social Learning Cycle Scanning 審視 Dissemination 傳播 Absorption 吸收 Problem Solving 解決問題 Look on this as the simple life cycle of knowledge. 請(qǐng)大家看一下這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的知識(shí)生命周期。 What is Knowledge Management ?何謂知識(shí)管理 No two Knowledge Management implementations will be the same since the infinitely variable human being is central to it. 由于知識(shí)管理的執(zhí)行者是不同個(gè)體的人，所以具體的執(zhí)行方式也會(huì)略無所同 何謂知識(shí)管理（續(xù)） The majority of Knowledge Management implementations are unsatisfactory as inappropriate, standardised approaches are forced upon the varying predicament of the uninformed by the uninformed. 多數(shù)知識(shí)管理執(zhí)行方案之所以不盡如人意，是因?yàn)槠渲贫ê蛨?zhí)行者的無知。Knowledge Management Intellectual Capital 知識(shí)管理和知識(shí)資本 Knowledge Management is the collective name for a group of processes and practices used by panies to increase their value by improving the effectiveness of the generation and application of their intellectual assets. 所謂知識(shí)管理，是指企業(yè)為提高自身價(jià)值，進(jìn)而針對(duì)其知識(shí)財(cái)產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)出和利用率所采用的一系列步驟和執(zhí)行方法的總稱。 Knowledge Management processes are metaprocesses which cannot be uniformly observed like physical processes but differ according to their means of creation, nature, recording, transmission and mode of use. 知識(shí)管理是一個(gè)變化萬端的過程，因而不能像觀察一般物理過程那樣概而論之，要根據(jù)其產(chǎn)生方式、本質(zhì)、記錄、傳播和使用方式予以區(qū)別。由于為不同的窘境所迫，他們采取了千人一面這樣欠妥的方式。 Technology and new business environments such as the family of ebusinesses present alternative realities for each leg but the basic step is invariant. 電子商務(wù)這類技術(shù)和交易環(huán)境的出現(xiàn)，使得圖中每一步的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法有了別樣的方式。 Scanning 審視 第一步：審視（ 1） Step 1 Scanning (1) A manytofew(one) activity in which all known relevant information is collected. This can be both a tacit and and explicit knowledge activity. 這是一種以多對(duì)少（或?qū)σ唬┑幕顒?dòng)，人們通過這個(gè)過程收集已知的相關(guān)信息。 This is carried out for the team by the individual researcher or a small group. 這一步驟由個(gè)體的研究者或小組完成，其服務(wù)對(duì)象是一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。人們根據(jù)先人積累的信息去解決以前沒有涉及的問題，當(dāng)然，創(chuàng)新性的解決方式也是十分重要的。 This is carried out for the benefit of the internal and external customer. 進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)工作，是為了服務(wù)內(nèi)、外部客戶的利益。 Techniques to help define the problem 確定問題的技巧 Divergent techniques for the individual 不同的個(gè)人技巧 Divergent techniques for teams 不同的團(tuán)隊(duì)技巧 Convergent techniques 趨同的技巧 第三步：抽象化（ 1） Step 3 Abstraction (1) Can be an individual process but the use of teams is most mon in this step. Solutions are developed into general statements (but often not) and are recorded to the most efficient extent by the team and submitted to the knowledge repository. Depending on its potential use and its nature, it may be recorded for simple retrieval or recorded plexly with context as required. 這也可以是一個(gè)個(gè)人化的過程，并且團(tuán)隊(duì)的使用也最普遍。根據(jù)其使用潛力和本質(zhì)的不同，對(duì)這部分內(nèi)容既可以以簡(jiǎn)單的備檢的方式存儲(chǔ)，也可以按要求，將其背景情況一同存儲(chǔ)起來。 第三步：抽象化（ 2） Step 3 Abstraction (2) Helped by 促進(jìn)因素 Hindered by 阻礙因素 Management supports obtaining a full understanding and the team has the ability to do it. 充分理解管理方面所提供支持的重要性，且團(tuán)隊(duì)有能力操作 IP department facilitates when appropriate 項(xiàng)目處理部門適時(shí)的協(xié)助 Results published internally and externally as appropriate 適時(shí)地向企業(yè)內(nèi)外公布研