【正文】 re are two types of characters, that is, one is the “autobiographical” guy, the other is the kind of guy that Hemingway himself is not but expects to be, namely, the tough guy. According to such categorization, Captain Henry in Farewell to Arms is the “autobiographical” guy and his friend is the tough guy. The criticism prevailing in the thirties in China held that the main features in Hemingway?s guy are that “they bee dumb because of the injuries of war. They no longer think, nor do they meditate. And they despise traditional morality and wellrespected values. What is left in them is but selfabandonment and a strong desire for sex.” 2 Such criticism is basically a reflection of the contemporary views abroad at that time. In the fifties, Young expanded the concept of the “Hemingway?s guy” and the “tough guy” and related them to “psychopathological morbidity”, believing that the reason “Hemingway?s guy” always confront death and injury is due to the forced repetition of the wounded experience caused by their psychological morbidity, whereas the“code”serves to provide a solution to the dilemma of such characters, enabling them to control their emotions. And the relationship between the two is one of giver and receiver. The representation of such a relationship is successfully realized in Santiago。 that is to say, two kinds of guy have merged into one entity. The sixties saw the new terms “tyro” and “tutor” in place of the “autobiographical guy” and “tough guy” and “Nada” in place of the wound theory. III. The Tough Guy and His Features The most obvious trademarks of the “tough guy” are: “the world crushes every person into pieces, yet a lot of people rise from the pieces to demonstrate their staying power. The world is likely to kill and breakthose most brave, benign and excellent, yet it is the guy that rises from failure.” 3 If we disregard the socalled codes or rules, we can sum up some general features about the protagonists in Hemingway?s works. First of all, the “tough guy” , has great physical potential and courage. Whether he is a soldier, a bullfighter, a hunter, or a fisherman, his physical power is always activated by critical situations and thus creates the most lifelike beauty. However this physical power will encounter harm from the greater forces. The real value, according to Hemingway, lies in the fact that the guy can always rise from destruction. Captain Henry in Farewell to Arms, Jordan in For Whom the BellTolls, and Santiago in The Old man and the Sea were all hurt in some way, yet they were not defeated. However, there are some differences in the characterization of Santiago. He is active and chooses to be injured. Unlike the others he suffers only physical harm, not mental pain, and as a result retains his optimism until the end of the story. Santiago is free from that self pity and vain struggles that haunted Hemingway?s former guys. He accepts his fate with great tranquility and his injuries he regards as insignificant occurrences. Through his portrayal of Santiago, Hemingway successfully demonstrates how man can challenge himself by confronting his failures. By way of contrast, the former guy are inert and passive under pressure。 he loves the sea； he is relying on the sea. What he wants must e from the sea. That is why he always thought of the sea as ?lamar? which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. But he must defeat her and subdue her because sometimes she is very selfwilled and cruel. Therefore, he must use his mind to deal with the big Marlin, and subdue it pletely. This is just where Santiago?s psychological contradiction exists and shows how lonely Santiago is! He does not want to kill Marlin at once, because in the great sea, Marlin is one of his panions and friends after all. If he kills it, he will be left alone. So he says, “Fish,” “I love you and respect you very much.” “Never have I seem a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer, or more noble thing than you, brother.” 4 But the aim of his sailing out to sea reminds him of the mission he must carry out. Killing the fish is for supporting himself, and also for supporting many other people. Just like what he says, “I did it to keep me alive and feed many people.” 5 Moreover, as a fisherman, all his dignity and glory depends on whether he can fulfill this task. The old fisherman is defeated, but he finds himself in handing the failure. His attitude and manners are successful. Here, Santiago?s characteristics of determination and fortitude are shown vividly and thoroughly in the sea. It is shown in fighting against the big Marlin, against the school of sharks. Just like what Santiago himself says, “Man is not made for defeat.” 6 So relying on his own power and strength, Santiago triumphs over the nature, over the failure, and showing the man?s nobleness and greatness. So long as he is alive, he will struggle to the end. B. Santiago’s Courage and Bravery 1. Sailing out Away from the Land Alone Santiago is an old Cuban fisherman living on fishing. Life has not been easy. He has caught no fish at all for 84 days continuously. In the beginnin