【正文】 Hemingway, lies in the fact that the guy can always rise from destruction. Captain Henry in Farewell to Arms, Jordan in For Whom the BellTolls, and Santiago in The Old man and the Sea were all hurt in some way, yet they were not defeated. However, there are some differences in the characterization of Santiago. He is active and chooses to be injured. Unlike the others he suffers only physical harm, not mental pain, and as a result retains his optimism until the end of the story. Santiago is free from that self pity and vain struggles that haunted Hemingway?s former guys. He accepts his fate with great tranquility and his injuries he regards as insignificant occurrences. Through his portrayal of Santiago, Hemingway successfully demonstrates how man can challenge himself by confronting his failures. By way of contrast, the former guy are inert and passive under pressure。 they simply retreat as a way of protection. For example, Captain Henry retreated from the war after he was aware of its meaninglessness and insignificance. Generally speaking, the tough guys under Hemingway at that time lacked goals and were lost strugglers. Secondly, another important feature of the “tough guys” is their loyalty. They are not without strong passions and faith, and such quality makes their character lifelike and reliable, conveying warmth and love to people around. However, such quality is implied rather than displayed in the “tough guys ”. It is not spoken of but performed, not told but suggested. Henry?s loyalty to love, and Santiago?s loyalty and passion to the child Manolin can only be felt through their behaviour and specific actions, while the characters themselves never say a word about it. Such a quality creates an integrated and outstanding individual. Yet the loyalty breaks from mon political or religious beliefs and does not stem from some abstract ideology but es from a sense of belonging and dependence on certain individual groups, personal circles and friendships or from the love for some specific regions. Thirdly, the “tough guys” are endowed with certain specialized skills, such as fishing, bullfighting, and hunting, etc. Such skills are necessary for the internal courage and constraint in the guy. In another sense, a person that is good for nothing is likely to be presented as “weak”or useless, yet the Hemingway?s guy are free from such deficiencies as they possess practical skills. IV. The “Tough Guy” in The Old Man and the Sea A. Santiago’s Determination and Fortitude Santiago is defeated during his fighting against the sharks, but he succeeds in the dignity of handing the failure, confidently he dreams of the strong African lions, which are full of vitality, and symbolize bravery, power and success. Indeed, he has got the favor of the destiny—a big fish appears. This is also the time he realizes himself. It is a great fish. Santiago can not stand virtually to kill him. He gives it the praise and respects continuously. He regards it as his brother. For the fisherman is living on the sea。 he loves the sea； he is relying on the sea. What he wants must e from the sea. That is why he always thought of the sea as ?lamar? which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. But he must defeat her and subdue her because sometimes she is very selfwilled and cruel. Therefore, he must use his mind to deal with the big Marlin, and subdue it pletely. This is just where Santiago?s psychological contradiction exists and shows how lonely Santiago is! He does not want to kill Marlin at once, because in the great sea, Marlin is one of his panions and friends after all. If he kills it, he will be left alone. So he says, “Fish,” “I love you and respect you very much.” “Never have I seem a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer, or more noble thing than you, brother.” 4 But the aim of his sailing out to sea reminds him of the mission he must carry out. Killing the fish is for supporting himself, and also for supporting many other people. Just like what he says, “I did it to keep me alive and feed many people.” 5 Moreover, as a fisherman, all his dignity and glory depends on whether he can fulfill this task. The old fisherman is defeated, but he finds himself in handing the failure. His attitude and manners are successful. Here, Santiago?s characteristics of determination and fortitude are shown vividly and thoroughly in the sea. It is shown in fighting against the big Marlin, against the school of sharks. Just like what Santiago himself says, “Man is not made for defeat.” 6 So relying on his own power and strength, Santiago triumphs over the nature, over the failure, and showing the man?s nobleness and greatness. So long as he is alive, he will struggle to the end. B. Santiago’s Courage and Bravery 1. Sailing out Away from the Land Alone Santiago is an old Cuban fisherman living on fishing. Life has not been easy. He has caught no fish at all for 84 days continuously. In the beginning, he has the pany of a little boy out in the sea, but because of his bad luck the boy is forced by his parents to leave and go out to the sea with other fishermen. Now the