【正文】 ystransport, capital construction and technological upgrading, ministry officials told Xinhua recently.The Guangzhou Railway Administration has been chosen to experiment with ways of implementing with ways of implementing the system throughout, the officials said.The contract system is necessary because since April 1986, the State has ceased to allocate funds to the ministry. Instead, it collects taxes from the ministry, which can use its own profits to develop its own operations, the officials said.“That means we have to depend exclusively on ourselves and that180。s why we use the contract system to stimulate workers initiative for higher turnovers.” One official said.Although the contract system was practiced last year only in its transport sector, the ministry was able to handle per cent more cargo than in 1985.In the first half of this year, the total volume of cargo and passenger transport was up and per cent over the same 1985 period, respectively, the officials reported.Meanwhile, a feeder railway funded by famers in a village in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, is expected to open to traffic in October, according to the overseas edition of People180。kɑn?tr230。d?mini180。sp?r? m? nt/ n.amp。impl? m? nt/ ，落實(shí)Thoughout ……期間；全……，……到處180。230。ks/ ；稅款Profit /180。sklusivli/ ，只有；獨(dú)占地Stimulate /180。ni?? tiv/ ，主動(dòng)性，積極性Turnover / /180。s?kt?, ?t?r/ ；地段，區(qū)域；方面Feeder /180。s Daily reported on Thursday.The project involves kilometers of railways, with 470 kilometers of new lines to be built, 510 kilometers to be electrified and 680 kilometers doubletracked.According to Zhou Congqing, the official in charge of the project, more than 3,300hectares of land will be requisitioned and many dwellings relocated.Technicians are working on an engineering plan, and the whole project is expected to be pleted in1990. Words and ExpressionsUpgrade /180。h?k?t?r/ Requisition /?r?kwi180。dw?li?/ Relocate /ri180。230。230。mɑ:?? li?/ 排列，整理，編組Marshalling yard 編組場(chǎng)To send……out 發(fā)出，寄出，放出?Improving railway operationsNew trendsBy Dr. techn., Prof. . SOTNIKOV,AllUnion Railway Scientific Research Institute, Ministry of Railways of the USSRSUMMARYThe Soviet Railways handle 52 per cent of the world180。 to the dispatchers staff of the upper control echelon in 3 hours intervals, to the dispatchers staff of the railway region headquarters and of the various sections on a continuous basis as the status at the stations and yards changes. This data is also taken into consideration at the railway region border stations where the wagons are being transferred from one railway region to the other. When necessary, the data is used at other stations as well.This makes it possible to monitor train traffic all along the route, to make timely calculations with regard to assigning lootives to trains to reduce to the minimum delays of trains waiting for motive power and to raise the level of running trains strictly to the schedule.The improvement of train operations requires further development of the dispatcher control system through further automating and centralizing the management of train traffic. With regard to improving train operation the following major principles have to be observed.1. The activity of the train dispatchers which is at the moment primarily concentrated at keeping records of the train operations with a certain delay with regard to the actual situation should pass over to a strategy of advanced management using train operation forecast and of applying optimized algorithms for wording out operational plans covering foreseeable periods of future activities.2. A continuous automated monitoring of possible handicaps has to be introduced. This will enable the train dispatchers staff by using the manmachine dialog mode of operation to consider within several minutes a number of managerial alternatives to choose the most effectives of them to prevent minor handicaps form developing into major traffic problems.3. The supply of information to the dispatchers staff has to be automated using specific facilities developed for the purpose, as well as data provided by the existing automated operations management system. Presently the train dispatchers spend 30 to 40% of their working time to acquire this information. This will also make it possible to automate accounting activity of train operations.4. Based on using automated information systems and on introducing uptodate control equipment the routes covered by the dispatchers at the sectional, regional and ministerial levels should be extended, and traffic control over long routes should be integrated.5. Centralizing train dispatching control, setting up of big dispatching centers equipped with modern means of munication, puters and with automated consoles for the dispatchers is of major importance. Such a control console, for a sectional train dispatcher, for instance, should consist of: a multisectional panel with a colored presentation of the section track layout or with the presentation of the entire route indicating train numbers as well as other data supplied by the puter。 an alphabetical display for the train dispatcher to keep a dialog with the puter。 of a graphplotting display for drawing a graph of the actual train operation.The introduction of new methods aimed at running the trains strictly to the schedule will result in an overall improvement of train operations. Words and ExpressionsSummary /180。 Freight turnover （數(shù)量上）占……Mileage /180。 Traffic densityf?rs, 180。