【正文】 ge and the length of trains.First of all the length of the exisiting tracks must be used to the full. With this in mind prehensive measures of the undertaken at present to raise the static weights of the wagons by increasing the net weight of the modity being forwarded .The permissive axle load of the wagons has been raised, a good share of bulky goods are forwarded in　disassembled　status, the　most　rational　way are use to acmodate the good in the wagons ,the outer dimensions set for the rolling stock at a given region are applied since at use some extra space for loading cargo ,etc. Making proper use some each and every meter of the tracks is of substantial importance too. Applying puter techniques in handling traffic made it possible to take into account the length of each individual wagon rather than of the types of wagons which was mon practice before. As a result one or two wagons were added to every train. Likewise the length of each individual station and/or yard track is taken into consideration: that made it possible to make up trains that are longer than the set standard.In case when the weight and the length of trains are limited by the traction capacities of lootives, alternative standards are being introduced with regard to the weights of trains. To handle trains with weights exceeding the standard double lootive traction, or pusher lootives are used on part of the route. Often the length of the train is limited by the length of station tracks rather than by limited tractive capacities of the lootives. On a number of railways trains are run which are 20 to 25% longer than the station tracks can acodate. Also superlong trains are run on special schedules that have been worked out in such a way that they do not interfere with the presently of the other trains .15 to 20% of the trains presently operated on the main lines exceed the standard length .On high traffic density lines station and/or yard tracks are being extended to provide for the operation of long trains. As additional extended station tracks are put into operation the number of long trains run on special schedules is increased respectively.The handling of jointed trains, that is doubledup and trippledup trains up to 16000 tons heavy ,is of special importance .Some of those trains even exceed that weight .On April 18,1984,to quote one example , a 30220 ton train 4668 meters long was run over a distance of 1130 km from the Ekibastus station to the Tobol station .By raising the tonnage and the length of trains the throughput capacity of lines is enhanced substantially .It also makes it possible to allocate the time needed for track maintenance and to cut down the operational expenditures. Part of the system will be upgraded to ensure the operation of jointed trains.Long term measures are undertaken to raise the tonnage of trains .Extending station tracks along certain axes, putting 6axe wagons into operation on a wide scale –those are measures that should be mentioned first .The utilization of 8axle wagons will raise the permeter of load of the tracks up to tons. Though this will be attained only if the outer dimensions set for the rolling stock is fully used by the industry when building the wagons. Raising the per meter load of the tracks will result in increasing the weight of standard 850metres long trains up to 8000 tons and even up to 10000 tons if the station tracks are extended to 1050 meter.Passenger trains are made longer as well. For suburban traffic ,trains are put into operation consisting of 12 coaches ,and on some directions doubledup trains consisting of 24 or 32 sleeping cars are planned to be introduced .This will make it possible to handle the growing volume of passenger train traffic.Speeds of passenger trains are growing too .A high speed train has been put into operation on the Moscow to Leningrad line .Speeds of trains are being raised on other lines as well, first of all on international lines .Since in the USSR passenger and freight trains are run on the same tracks it is important to raise the speeds of both passenger and goods trains.Introducing roller bearing axleboxes on a larger scale will contribute a great deal to an early attaining of this objective.Words and Expressionsthe full 充分地 ，完全地 with……in 考慮到 prehensive /?kɑmpri180。sol/ ，障礙，困難Manmachine dialog modle Handicap /180。 把……記載下來Algorithm /180。??? ?lɑn/t??/ 放下，使……躺下，鋪設(shè)，規(guī)定，制定Vital /180。 ……連接成一個整體Railway service Means /mi:nz/r230。f?rs, 180。 （數(shù)量上）占……Mileage /180。 of a graphplotting display for drawing a graph of the actual train operation.The introduction of new methods aimed at running the trains strictly to the schedule will result in an overall improvement of train operations. Words and ExpressionsSummary /180。 to the dispatchers staff of the upper control echelon in 3 hours intervals, to the dispatchers staff of the railway region headquarters and of the various sections on a continuous basis as the status at the stations and yards changes. This data is also taken into consideration at the railway region border stations where the wagons are being transferred from one railway region to the other. When necessary, the data is used at other stations as well.This makes it possible to monitor train traffic all along the route, to make timely calculations with regard to assigning lootives to trains to reduce to the minimum delays of trains waiting for motive power and to raise the level of running trains strictly to the schedule.The improvement of train operations requires further development of the dispatcher control system through further automating and centralizing the management of train traffic. With regard to improving train operation the following major