【正文】 第一講1. contract system tested in all railway operationsThe contract system will be practiced in all operations of the Ministry of Railwaystransport, capital construction and technological upgrading, ministry officials told Xinhua recently.The Guangzhou Railway Administration has been chosen to experiment with ways of implementing with ways of implementing the system throughout, the officials said.The contract system is necessary because since April 1986, the State has ceased to allocate funds to the ministry. Instead, it collects taxes from the ministry, which can use its own profits to develop its own operations, the officials said.“That means we have to depend exclusively on ourselves and that180。s why we use the contract system to stimulate workers initiative for higher turnovers.” One official said.Although the contract system was practiced last year only in its transport sector, the ministry was able to handle per cent more cargo than in 1985.In the first half of this year, the total volume of cargo and passenger transport was up and per cent over the same 1985 period, respectively, the officials reported.Meanwhile, a feeder railway funded by famers in a village in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, is expected to open to traffic in October, according to the overseas edition of People180。s Daily.Farmers in Xinhua village raised 2 million yuan(about $540,000) to build a 600metre feeder railway line to speed up transport between urban and rural areas. (Xinhua)Words and ExpressionsContract /180。kɑn?tr230。kt/ n. 承包；契約，合同Contract system 承包制，大包干Administration /230。d?mini180。stre?? n/ ? ；管理，經(jīng)營Experiment /ik180。sp?r? m? nt/ n.amp。To……with…… 試驗……To……upon……用…… 作實驗Implement /180。impl? m? nt/ ，落實Thoughout ……期間；全……，……到處180。 ，全部地Cease /sis/ Allocate /180。230。l? ?ket/ ，撥給Fund /fΛnd/ ，資金Tax /t230。ks/ ；稅款Profit /180。prɑfit/ ，贏利；利益Exclusively /ik180。sklusivli/ ，只有；獨占地Stimulate /180。stimj? ?let/ ，刺激Initiative /i180。ni?? tiv/ ，主動性，積極性Turnover / /180。t?n?ov?/ ，產(chǎn)值Sector /180。s?kt?, ?t?r/ ；地段，區(qū)域；方面Feeder /180。fid?/ ；加料漏斗 2. East railways to be upgradedRailway lines in East China will be improved with an investment of 7 billion yuan (about $ billion), the overseas edition of People180。s Daily reported on Thursday.The project involves kilometers of railways, with 470 kilometers of new lines to be built, 510 kilometers to be electrified and 680 kilometers doubletracked.According to Zhou Congqing, the official in charge of the project, more than 3,300hectares of land will be requisitioned and many dwellings relocated.Technicians are working on an engineering plan, and the whole project is expected to be pleted in1990. Words and ExpressionsUpgrade /180。Λp?ɡred/ Λ ；使升級，改良In charge of 負責……；主管……Hectare /180。h?k?t?r/ Requisition /?r?kwi180。zi?? n/ Dwelling /180。dw?li?/ Relocate /ri180。loket/ 3. Rail capacity doublesEach kilometers of railway in China carried billion tons of freight in the first six months of this year on average, double that in1978.Officials of the Railways Ministry said that the present structure can hardly meet the needs of the developing economy.The ministry is now concentrating on expanding the handling capacity of the existing railroads, while constructing or upgrading new lines.Among the 38 marshalling yards in China,28 have increased the number of trains they send out every day by 10 to 30 per cent. The yards sent out 38,000 trains every day last year, 15 per cent more than in the previous year.Since April, the number of passenger and freight trains has increased by 22 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively, pared to 1978. Now passenger trains are capable of transporting three million people a day.The project to add a doubletrack along the line between Hengyang in Hunan Province and Guangzhou is nearly plete. And the project of expanding the railway network in eastern China is going on smoothly. (Xinhua)Words and ExpressionsFreight /fret/ Average /180。230。v? ri?, 180。230。vri?/ v ，均值On average 按均值計算，平均Marshalling/180。mɑ:?? li?/ 排列，整理，編組Marshalling yard 編組場To send……out 發(fā)出，寄出，放出?Improving railway operationsNew trendsBy Dr. techn., Prof. . SOTNIKOV,AllUnion Railway Scientific Research Institute, Ministry of Railways of the USSRSUMMARYThe Soviet Railways handle 52 per cent of the world180。s railway freight turnover although they account only of about 11 per cent of their total mileage. This determines an extremely high traffic density of the lines exceeding 6 to 10 times and even more, similar values of the railways of technically advanced countries.In order to meet the requirements for handling constantly growing volumes of traffic, apart from improving railway equipment, reinforcing the tracks and raising the rolling stock carrying capacities, the operational procedure has to perfected as well, it has to attaining this overall goal is the intensification of the utilization of the existing technical means. In this report new trends improving railway operations are discussed.第二講Train SchedulingT