【正文】 he train schedule is the basis for managing train traffic. It integrates the activities of all railway services. Observing exactly the technological procedures laid down for yards and stations, for lootive and wagon shops, for track, signaling and munication facilities as well as for other railway bodies is a vital necessity for trains being operated strictly to the schedule.In order to keep the dispatchers staff informed on the train situation data provided through the automatic traffic control systems of the various railway regions is used. Data on the availability of trains and lootives at each of the stations and at the classification yards of the given route is submitted。 to the dispatchers staff of the upper control echelon in 3 hours intervals, to the dispatchers staff of the railway region headquarters and of the various sections on a continuous basis as the status at the stations and yards changes. This data is also taken into consideration at the railway region border stations where the wagons are being transferred from one railway region to the other. When necessary, the data is used at other stations as well.This makes it possible to monitor train traffic all along the route, to make timely calculations with regard to assigning lootives to trains to reduce to the minimum delays of trains waiting for motive power and to raise the level of running trains strictly to the schedule.The improvement of train operations requires further development of the dispatcher control system through further automating and centralizing the management of train traffic. With regard to improving train operation the following major principles have to be observed.1. The activity of the train dispatchers which is at the moment primarily concentrated at keeping records of the train operations with a certain delay with regard to the actual situation should pass over to a strategy of advanced management using train operation forecast and of applying optimized algorithms for wording out operational plans covering foreseeable periods of future activities.2. A continuous automated monitoring of possible handicaps has to be introduced. This will enable the train dispatchers staff by using the manmachine dialog mode of operation to consider within several minutes a number of managerial alternatives to choose the most effectives of them to prevent minor handicaps form developing into major traffic problems.3. The supply of information to the dispatchers staff has to be automated using specific facilities developed for the purpose, as well as data provided by the existing automated operations management system. Presently the train dispatchers spend 30 to 40% of their working time to acquire this information. This will also make it possible to automate accounting activity of train operations.4. Based on using automated information systems and on introducing uptodate control equipment the routes covered by the dispatchers at the sectional, regional and ministerial levels should be extended, and traffic control over long routes should be integrated.5. Centralizing train dispatching control, setting up of big dispatching centers equipped with modern means of munication, puters and with automated consoles for the dispatchers is of major importance. Such a control console, for a sectional train dispatcher, for instance, should consist of: a multisectional panel with a colored presentation of the section track layout or with the presentation of the entire route indicating train numbers as well as other data supplied by the puter。 a graphical display to keep the planned schedule。 an alphabetical display for the train dispatcher to keep a dialog with the puter。 a printer for an automated record keeping of the operation。 of a graphplotting display for drawing a graph of the actual train operation.The introduction of new methods aimed at running the trains strictly to the schedule will result in an overall improvement of train operations. Words and ExpressionsSummary /180。sΛm? ri/ Freight turnover 貨物周轉(zhuǎn)量To account of （數(shù)量上）占……Mileage /180。maili?/ Traffic density 運(yùn)輸密度Reinforce /?riin180。f?rs, 180。fors/ Rolling stock 機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛（有時(shí)專(zhuān)指車(chē)輛）Rationalize /180。r230。?? n? ?laiz/ a Utilization /?jutilai180。ze?? n/ Means /mi:nz/ ，手段；工具，設(shè)備Train scheduling 鋪畫(huà)列車(chē)運(yùn)行圖Integrate /180。inti?ɡret/ ……連接成一個(gè)整體Railway service 鐵路業(yè)務(wù)；鐵路部門(mén)Observe /? b180。z?v/ ，遵守To lay down 放下，使……躺下，鋪設(shè)，規(guī)定，制定Vital /180。vaitl/ ，至關(guān)緊要的Dispatcher /dis180。p230。t??/ To keep informed on 隨時(shí)向……報(bào)告To submit to 向……提出……；把……提請(qǐng)……批準(zhǔn)Echelon /180。??? ?lɑn/ 梯隊(duì)，級(jí)別Dispatches staff ofUpper control echelon 上級(jí)調(diào)度人員Border station 分界站To keep a record of 把……記載下來(lái)Algorithm /180。230。lɡ? ?ri240。? m/ Handicap /180。h230。ndi?k230。p/ ，障礙，困難Manmachine dialog modle 人機(jī)對(duì)話方式Accounting activcity 統(tǒng)計(jì)工作Uptodate ，最新式的Console /k? n180。sol/ Multisectional panel 多個(gè)區(qū)間的顯示盤(pán)Presentation/?pr?z? n180。te?? n,priz? n/ 第三講 the weights and speeds of trainsIncreasing the weights and s