【正文】 期財(cái)政計(jì)劃Mediumterm Financial Strategy 國(guó)教established chruches：在英國(guó)church of england，在蘇格蘭church of scotland 非國(guó)教 unestablished churches：英國(guó)圣公會(huì)anglican chruches，自由教free churches，天主教roman catholic church *************************************************************************** 美國(guó)概況國(guó)旗：13條狀紅白相間，代表original的13個(gè)州，50顆星，代表50個(gè)州 1492年，哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸，Christopher war of independence 1774年，第一屆大陸國(guó)會(huì)continental congress在費(fèi)城philadelphia召開(kāi)，呼吁抵制英國(guó)貨1775年，lexington（列克星敦）和concord（康科德）打仗獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開(kāi)始。議會(huì)組成House of lords 上議院 house of mons 下議院 下議院最有權(quán)力 政黨：工黨Labor Party 和Conservative Party保守黨，政黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人是總理 Tony Blair是有史以來(lái)最年輕的工黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，總理。殖民擴(kuò)張Colonial Expansion 自1583年開(kāi)始，英國(guó)在新大陸Newfoundland開(kāi)始殖民統(tǒng)治，1900日不落帝國(guó)形成，“on which the sun never set” 君主政體英國(guó)是君主立憲制 constitutional monarchy, 元首head of state is king or queen。輝格黨和托利黨（Whigs and Tories）兩黨名稱來(lái)自光榮革命，輝格黨就是后來(lái)的Liberal party，托利黨是Conservative party 憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)Chartist Movement 由于對(duì)改革法案《Reform Act》和新貧困法《New Poor Law》的不滿，工人組織了倫敦工人聯(lián)盟London Working Men’s Association，起草了人民憲章《People’s Charter》，想讓議會(huì)通過(guò)但是失敗，憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)是第一次全國(guó)性的工人運(yùn)動(dòng)。光榮革命 The Glorious Revolution 奧蘭治王室（William of Orange橘子？英國(guó)的名字真搞笑），用一場(chǎng)不流血的政變奪了王室的權(quán)，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)權(quán)利法案，英國(guó)“光榮革命”后鞏固資產(chǎn)階級(jí)與封建貴族聯(lián)合專政、確立君主立憲政體的憲法性文件之一。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)顛覆了英國(guó)的封建制度，甚至動(dòng)搖了歐洲的封建制度，被認(rèn)為是世界現(xiàn)代史的開(kāi)端。英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱清教徒革命，因?yàn)閲?guó)王的反對(duì)者多是清教徒Puritan。英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn) The Civil Wars 是國(guó)王和議會(huì)間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，Norttingham King Charles和議會(huì)開(kāi)戰(zhàn)，國(guó)王軍是Cavaliers(騎士)，議會(huì)軍是Roundheads(圓顱黨)，因?yàn)樗麄兌贪l(fā)。文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng) The English Renaissance 文藝復(fù)興是中世紀(jì)到現(xiàn)代的過(guò)渡時(shí)期，從13501650，有300年，從意大利發(fā)起，達(dá)芬奇等人為代表。宗教改革的真正進(jìn)行是在亨利八世的兒子愛(ài)德華時(shí)期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和英國(guó)宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都鐸（duduo）打了玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，都鐸勝利，終成五代都鐸王朝。The great charter in 1215,1215年大憲章，亦稱the great charter or Magna Charta,確保一些平民的政治權(quán)利與自由，保障教會(huì)不受國(guó)王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制國(guó)王及王室官員的行為。it has bee the synonym of American with a constitutional monarch:Constitutional monarchy is a form of democratic government in which a nonpolitical monarch acts as head of state within the boundaries of a constitution, whether written or the monarch may hold formal reserve powers and while government officially takes place in the monarch’s name, they do not set public policy or choose political can be defined as “a sovereign who reigns but does not rule.” This form of government differs from absolute monarchy, in which the monarch controls political decisionmaking and is not effectively bound by a constitutional Newspaper Culture:The United Kingdom has one of the world’s oldest established newspaper the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, as the British economy began to industrialise, as the development of the society, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and more newspapers began to began to influence British society and people’s are two kinds of newspaper in the UK: the “quality press” and “tabloid”.The types of newspaper can reflect the reader’s social quality press, such as The Observer, The Guardian, and The Times normally carries indepth articles of particular political and social importance and are generally read by welleducated, middleclass tabloid refers to smaller format newspaper with color photos and catchy are usually about scandals and gossips about famous people, whether in politics, sports or articles are short and easy to readers are normally workingclass and lower class Revolution:The First Industrial Revolution first originated in the Industrial Revolution took root in Britain for a variety of , Britain had a huge , from the colonies in America and India, England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its , the enclosure movement deprived many small landowners of their Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important were the Spinning Jenny, the water frame, the power loom and the steam the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was acplished in changed Britain in many industrial productivity increased became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the country also underwent a process of mass Industrial Revolution also created changed in the class structure.（）The Second Industrial Revolution（）: The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production Third Industrial Revolution: The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more a third revolution is under is going Election:America is a presidential government presidential election is held every four system of presidential government is includes primary election, the popular vote, the Electoral primary election is the first is time for the party candidates won the presidential candidate of their own the primary election, the candidate will spend huge amounts of money on electoral journey, petition on advertisement, electoral speeches and public most states, they work on “winner win all”.It means if one wins the most votes of will gain all the votes of these elections for the president are not decided directly by the popular vote, instead under the Electoral of the fifty states influence on the results equals its both candidates gain 269 votes, or neither of them gains 270 votes, the president will be determined by the Civil War:In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to slavery soon disappeared in the things were different in the South expanded both its agriculture and its problem of slavery became a serious political abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the