【正文】 sed at Stormont. (斯多蒙特 ) 9. Troubles and solutions (沖突與解決辦法 ) The majority, the Protestants controlled the local democratically elected parliament and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province. 40% of the population were Catholic Irish, who found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programs such as public housing. The armed conflict “ troubles” developed. 1) a Civil Rights Movement (北愛民權(quán)運動 ) In 1960s, Catholics often marched in the streets and fought for equality. 2) the presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 1969 first to protect the Catholic people, later were seen as the symbol of British rule in Northern Ireland. 3) IRA’ s violence in the 1970s (IRA: Irish Republic Army 愛爾蘭共和軍 ， unofficially paramilitary force) ① set up in 1919, Official IRA (正式派 ): concentrate on a political process, run candidates for election ② split in 1969, Provisional IRA (臨時派 ): felt armed force was the only way ③ IRA bombed and shot security forces and citycenters in 1970s. Protestants took revenge on Catholics *Result: Northern Irish cities were divided into exclusively Protestant and exclusively Catholic areas. Two munities hardly mix at all. 4) Bloody Sunday (血腥星期日， 1972/1/30) In 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland, of whom 13 were Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. It is an important symbol of British oppression. *Result: strengthen Catholic opposition to the British presence. 由于宗教沖突和政治問題不斷升級， 1972年 1月30日 , 468人在北愛被殺，其中 13名是參加民權(quán)運動和平游行的天主教徒這一天被稱為血腥星期日，是英國人壓迫北愛的天主教徒的代表性。Provisional Government39。 6. Guerilla or terrorist activities against the British institutions and the British military forces 1) The Easter Rising of 1916 (復活節(jié)起義 ) the rebels occupied Dublin’ s Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities. 2) the Sinn Fein Party ( “ Ourselves Alone” 新芬黨 ) a legal political party, supporters of the Irish terrorists。 60% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland 1. Population and physical features of Northern Ireland (北愛爾蘭的人口和地理特征 ) 1) often called Ulster, smallest of the 4 (in area amp。 hilly and rugged 4) retains a powerful sense of difference from England 5) retains its own language。 49 was from the Labor Party, wanting to set up a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internal affairs within the UK. 5. Strong Scottish identity Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. * Robert Louis Stevenson’ s famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 《 吉基爾醫(yī)生與海德先生 》shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a stillstrong Scottish identity. Wales Population: Million Capital city: Cardiff People: Celts, AngloSaxons Language: Welsh, English Religion: Nonconformist (非國教 ) Protestants, Anglicans, Catholics Beaumaris Castle in N. Wales Caerphilly Castle in S. Wales Wales 1. A brief introduction of Wales 1) capital: Cardiff, on the south coast 2) rich coal deposits attract foreign investment from Japan and , etc. new industries to replace coal and steel 3) smallest on the British mainland。 3) in the north the Highlands mountains and lakes in the south the Southern Uplands in the middle the lowland zone with 3/4 of the population 4) Capital: Edinburgh east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city: Glasgow in the west of Lowland zone 2. Cultural division between highland and lowland 1) Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the AngloSaxons 2) Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the Southwest the lowland zone. 3) They were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name 4) The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts (皮克特人 ) were left with the nonproductive highland zone, where in addition to English, some people speak the old Celtic language — Gaelic (蓋爾語 ). * The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. 3. the Battle of Bannockburn (班諾克本戰(zhàn)役 ) Time: 24th June, 1314 Who: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce and English army Result: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence Statue of Robert Bruce near Bannockburn monument the armies at Bannockburn. 4. Union with England in 1707 1). In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England。 the Tower of London。 5. The next invaders were the Frenchspeaking Normans, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings。 Stonehenge 4. From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’ s shores。 2. In 43 AD British was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years。 largest city in the country。但是大英帝國的 50多個殖民地之間仍然有著緊密的聯(lián)系，這種聯(lián)系主要通過英聯(lián)邦這個組織來維系 ). 2) It has great effects on the makeup of the British population: 對英國的人口構(gòu)成有著很大的影響 Because of the immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean countries in the 1950s and1960s, 1 in 20 are nonEuropean ethnicity (由于在 20世紀 50、 60年代，來自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群島與中南美洲海域的加勒比國家大量涌入英國，現(xiàn)在 1/20的英國人是非歐洲血統(tǒng)的人 ). 2. The effects of its imperial past 3. Racial, ge